Iranian Institute for Social & Cultural ResearchJournal of Iranian Cultural Research2008-184717320240922The appearance of everyday life events in photographs from the Qajar eraThe appearance of everyday life events in photographs from the Qajar era73952210.22035/jicr.2023.3222.3515FAA.HeydariAssistant Professor of Cultural Studies, Faculty of Humanities, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran0000-0003-1494-1365S.ErfaniMA Student in Communication Science, Faculty of Communication Science, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, IranJournal Article20230827The present study aims to investigate everyday life events captured in the first photographs of Iranian history. As such, by focusing on a collection of photo albums from Naseri and Mozaffari eras (two Qajar rulers) and by scrutinizing them, an attempt was made to elucidate the representation patterns and modes, through which, everyday life appeared in those photos. With an emphasis on semiology and taking into account the time-space, transcendental and immanent concepts, the paper tries to examine visible and invisible patterns of everyday life in those photographs. For that sake, the images were classified into six categories: Transcendental places, photography of nature, non-royal settings, iconography out of place and time, exotic eroticism, and everyday life. The study explores the relationship between each category and the presence of everyday life, focusing on archetype photos to provide in-depth analysis and discussion.The present study aims to investigate everyday life events captured in the first photographs of Iranian history. As such, by focusing on a collection of photo albums from Naseri and Mozaffari eras (two Qajar rulers) and by scrutinizing them, an attempt was made to elucidate the representation patterns and modes, through which, everyday life appeared in those photos. With an emphasis on semiology and taking into account the time-space, transcendental and immanent concepts, the paper tries to examine visible and invisible patterns of everyday life in those photographs. For that sake, the images were classified into six categories: Transcendental places, photography of nature, non-royal settings, iconography out of place and time, exotic eroticism, and everyday life. The study explores the relationship between each category and the presence of everyday life, focusing on archetype photos to provide in-depth analysis and discussion.http://www.jicr.ir/article_522_53fde96fcc4b4ce72d7739202324cd49.pdfIranian Institute for Social & Cultural ResearchJournal of Iranian Cultural Research2008-184717320240922The conspicuous consumption of luxurious goods in everyday life of affluent women of the Sanandaj cityThe conspicuous consumption of luxurious goods in everyday life of affluent women of the Sanandaj city418150010.22035/jicr.2023.3199.3498FAJ.MohamadiAssociate Professor of Sociology, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, IranSH.BinandehM.A. student of Sociology, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, IranJournal Article20230702The main purpose of this research is to do a qualitative study with grounded theory on how a specific kind of femininity is constructed through the consumption of luxurious goods. To this end, everyday consuming activities of wealthy women in the city of Sanandaj is studied. Historically, two theoretical approaches dominate the field of luxury consumption: Classic (luxury consumption caused by wealth), and Recent (luxury consumption caused by competencies). The theoretical basis of this research is a synthesis of both, with more emphasis being on classic approach. The purposeful sampling method was used to select samples and 21 affluent women from Sanandaj were interviewed in three districts: Shalman, Safari, Mobarakabad. The data were analyzed through coding processes and classified into five categories: causal condition, contextual condition, intervening condition, strategies and consequences. The concluding core category is the representation of a kind of hegemonic femininity which, according to data, is totally the outcome of luxurious consumption. The wealthy women use two different strategies to strengthen and reproduce this femininity: the first serves to construct a pseudo-aristocratic femininity and the second functions to reproduce their hegemonic status in the social hierarchy. The luxurious consumption has also some consequences which mostly serve to strengthen aristocratic values like pride and prejudice as well as the family lineage claim.The main purpose of this research is to do a qualitative study with grounded theory on how a specific kind of femininity is constructed through the consumption of luxurious goods. To this end, everyday consuming activities of wealthy women in the city of Sanandaj is studied. Historically, two theoretical approaches dominate the field of luxury consumption: Classic (luxury consumption caused by wealth), and Recent (luxury consumption caused by competencies). The theoretical basis of this research is a synthesis of both, with more emphasis being on classic approach. The purposeful sampling method was used to select samples and 21 affluent women from Sanandaj were interviewed in three districts: Shalman, Safari, Mobarakabad. The data were analyzed through coding processes and classified into five categories: causal condition, contextual condition, intervening condition, strategies and consequences. The concluding core category is the representation of a kind of hegemonic femininity which, according to data, is totally the outcome of luxurious consumption. The wealthy women use two different strategies to strengthen and reproduce this femininity: the first serves to construct a pseudo-aristocratic femininity and the second functions to reproduce their hegemonic status in the social hierarchy. The luxurious consumption has also some consequences which mostly serve to strengthen aristocratic values like pride and prejudice as well as the family lineage claim.http://www.jicr.ir/article_500_cee631121c2ec9232f3a2f028ad5c89b.pdfIranian Institute for Social & Cultural ResearchJournal of Iranian Cultural Research2008-184717320240922An analytical study of "gender identity" in Persian proverbs: with emphasis on Existentialist Feminism ApproachAn analytical study of "gender identity" in Persian proverbs: with emphasis on Existentialist Feminism Approach8310552310.22035/jicr.2023.3205.3503FAM.KhosravishakibAssociate Professor, Department of Persian Language and Literature, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Lorestan University, Lorestan, Iran0000-0003-0140-7155Journal Article20231208"Gender" as one of the most important dualities in social and cultural structures, has been the subject and focus of sociologists and culturologists. And, feminism as one of the branches of sociology has dealt more than any other approach with the duality of "woman" and "man" and its impact on the cultural construction of societies. Existentialist feminists argue that men's worldviews seek to impose "gender identity" on women through cultural tools that lead to imposition of stereotyped behavior and special norms on women. Persian proverbs, as effective and practical cultural tools in public domain, have been unable to reflect gender standards well. Emphasizing the existential feminism theory and with the method of qualitative description and analysis of existing and common Persian proverbs, it can be said popular culture has not only ignored the women's existence but increased or decreased their freedom, selection and choice, and applied ways and behaviors to control them. Women's responsibility and social activity has also been limited through cultural means i.e. public culture can also impose dependence and sense of belonging on women. The same way, it can regulate, monitor and control the emotional and economic dependence of women. This article attempts to evaluate and analyze the issue of "gender identity" in Persian proverbs from the point of view of existentialist feminists."Gender" as one of the most important dualities in social and cultural structures, has been the subject and focus of sociologists and culturologists. And, feminism as one of the branches of sociology has dealt more than any other approach with the duality of "woman" and "man" and its impact on the cultural construction of societies. Existentialist feminists argue that men's worldviews seek to impose "gender identity" on women through cultural tools that lead to imposition of stereotyped behavior and special norms on women. Persian proverbs, as effective and practical cultural tools in public domain, have been unable to reflect gender standards well. Emphasizing the existential feminism theory and with the method of qualitative description and analysis of existing and common Persian proverbs, it can be said popular culture has not only ignored the women's existence but increased or decreased their freedom, selection and choice, and applied ways and behaviors to control them. Women's responsibility and social activity has also been limited through cultural means i.e. public culture can also impose dependence and sense of belonging on women. The same way, it can regulate, monitor and control the emotional and economic dependence of women. This article attempts to evaluate and analyze the issue of "gender identity" in Persian proverbs from the point of view of existentialist feminists.http://www.jicr.ir/article_523_2bb232c0b13c774965ef8558f0fbd615.pdfIranian Institute for Social & Cultural ResearchJournal of Iranian Cultural Research2008-184717320240922Smartness in everyday life: Investigating some sociological reasons behind preference of individual interests over collective interests in Tehran metropolisSmartness in everyday life: Investigating some sociological reasons behind preference of individual interests over collective interests in Tehran metropolis10513952410.22035/jicr.2024.3280.3561FAS.H.NabaviAssistant Professor, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Literature and Social Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Alborz, Iran0000-0001-5813-419XF.SalmaniMA in Social Science Research, Faculty of Literature and Social Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Alborz, IranJournal Article20231227Humans, as social groups, are always interacting with each other to meet their needs. Today, this interaction has encountered with many challenges, with one being the extreme preference of individual and personal interests and ignoring collective ones. In Iranian society, this problem has a long history, but now it has become acute. The main purpose of this research is to investigate the causes of preference of individual over collective interests in everyday life of citizens in Tehran. The survey sample size was estimated to be 385 people through Cochran's formula, and the required data was collected through multi-stage cluster sampling method from regions 1, 7, 11, 14 and 20 of Tehran in the winter of 2019. The explanation was also based on the concepts taken from culture-base theories of Parsons (affective neutrality), Merton (reference group and innovation) and Homans (stimulus proposition) and their synthesis. For this purpose, bivariate and multivariate tests were used. The findings showed that even in the traumatic situation of Covid-19, when according to Durkheim's theories, people should always prioritize collective interests over individual ones; a considerable number of respondents (94%) prioritized individual interests. They prefer collective interests, with market place shrewdness attitude and culture playing a major role. Specifically, it became clear that the higher the emotional neutrality, higher the tendency to reference groups, tendency to innovation, and tendency to stimulus, the preference of individual interests over collective interests.Humans, as social groups, are always interacting with each other to meet their needs. Today, this interaction has encountered with many challenges, with one being the extreme preference of individual and personal interests and ignoring collective ones. In Iranian society, this problem has a long history, but now it has become acute. The main purpose of this research is to investigate the causes of preference of individual over collective interests in everyday life of citizens in Tehran. The survey sample size was estimated to be 385 people through Cochran's formula, and the required data was collected through multi-stage cluster sampling method from regions 1, 7, 11, 14 and 20 of Tehran in the winter of 2019. The explanation was also based on the concepts taken from culture-base theories of Parsons (affective neutrality), Merton (reference group and innovation) and Homans (stimulus proposition) and their synthesis. For this purpose, bivariate and multivariate tests were used. The findings showed that even in the traumatic situation of Covid-19, when according to Durkheim's theories, people should always prioritize collective interests over individual ones; a considerable number of respondents (94%) prioritized individual interests. They prefer collective interests, with market place shrewdness attitude and culture playing a major role. Specifically, it became clear that the higher the emotional neutrality, higher the tendency to reference groups, tendency to innovation, and tendency to stimulus, the preference of individual interests over collective interests.http://www.jicr.ir/article_524_ba2fd310dcaa8781a9a652a31baf3c68.pdfIranian Institute for Social & Cultural ResearchJournal of Iranian Cultural Research2008-184717320240922Michel de Certeau and the historiography of everyday life: A self-reflective encounter through Iranian cultural studiesMichel de Certeau and the historiography of everyday life: A self-reflective encounter through Iranian cultural studies14317152610.22035/jicr.2024.3331.3603FAH.AghajanzadehPhD Candidate in Anthropology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tehran, Iran0009-0000-4668-3394Journal Article20240126The acquaintance with Michel de Certeau in Iran was made possible through a specific framework derived by John Fiske from Certeau's book, "The Practices of Everyday Life," focusing particularly on the two concepts of strategy and tactics. Fiske's approach toward Certeau's perspectives, while overlooking his methodological framework, aims at universalizing the aforementioned concepts and aligning "ways of operating" with "ways of media consumption". Nevertheless, Certeau is known as a multifaceted and intellectually affluent scholar, renowned for his significant contributions at the crossroads of historiography, psychoanalysis, theology, linguistics, and anthropology. His methodological and epistemological insights into the field of historiography, especially the important discussion about "The Historiographical Operation" - which has been an attempt to frame historical studies within meta-historiography - can serve as a suitable foundation for further exploration. Given the shift toward historiographical projects focusing on everyday life in Iran, his work provides a valuable starting point. It is imperative to navigate beyond the confusion that has obstructed the study of everyday life in Iran toward a historiographical undertaking. This article delves into elucidating the foundational tenets of Certeau's "meta-historiography," distinguishing it from Hayden White's metahistorical perspectives. Subsequently, these methodological and meta-methodological considerations are highlighted in light of one of his renowned historical monographs "The Possession at Loudun”. Furthermore, through a self-reflective engagement, I aim to explore the consequences of stepping aside from Certeau within Iranian cultural studies, examine the constraints of conjunctural analysis in the historiography of everyday life, and explore the potential of meta-historiography to alleviate current obstacles.The acquaintance with Michel de Certeau in Iran was made possible through a specific framework derived by John Fiske from Certeau's book, "The Practices of Everyday Life," focusing particularly on the two concepts of strategy and tactics. Fiske's approach toward Certeau's perspectives, while overlooking his methodological framework, aims at universalizing the aforementioned concepts and aligning "ways of operating" with "ways of media consumption". Nevertheless, Certeau is known as a multifaceted and intellectually affluent scholar, renowned for his significant contributions at the crossroads of historiography, psychoanalysis, theology, linguistics, and anthropology. His methodological and epistemological insights into the field of historiography, especially the important discussion about "The Historiographical Operation" - which has been an attempt to frame historical studies within meta-historiography - can serve as a suitable foundation for further exploration. Given the shift toward historiographical projects focusing on everyday life in Iran, his work provides a valuable starting point. It is imperative to navigate beyond the confusion that has obstructed the study of everyday life in Iran toward a historiographical undertaking. This article delves into elucidating the foundational tenets of Certeau's "meta-historiography," distinguishing it from Hayden White's metahistorical perspectives. Subsequently, these methodological and meta-methodological considerations are highlighted in light of one of his renowned historical monographs "The Possession at Loudun”. Furthermore, through a self-reflective engagement, I aim to explore the consequences of stepping aside from Certeau within Iranian cultural studies, examine the constraints of conjunctural analysis in the historiography of everyday life, and explore the potential of meta-historiography to alleviate current obstacles.http://www.jicr.ir/article_526_85422afb467e9456013a2a51d4dff702.pdfIranian Institute for Social & Cultural ResearchJournal of Iranian Cultural Research2008-184717320240922Nostalgia for homeland in the daily lives of Iranian migrantsNostalgia for homeland in the daily lives of Iranian migrants17320353010.22035/jicr.2024.3359.3623FAR.PourghaffarPhD Student in Cultural Sociology, Sociology, Social Sciences Department, Faculty of Humanities, University of Guilan, Rasht, IranH.Ebadollahi-ChanzanaghAssociate professor, Sociology, Social Sciences Department, Faculty of Humanities, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran0000-0002-9122-7643M.JafroodiEmeritus Assistant Professor, Sociology, Social Sciences Department, Faculty of Humanities, University of Guilan, Rasht, IranJournal Article20240126In recent decades, Iran has been considered one of the leading countries in terms of emigration. Iranian migration can be categorized into three waves, corresponding to three time periods. A) The years 1950-1979, during which most migrations were for higher education with the intention of returning to Iran. B) The years 1979-1995, when most migrations were forced due to revolution and war. C) The years 1995 to the present, where the majority of migrations are for economic reasons, aimed at achieving stability and a better life, without the intention of returning to the country. The aim of this research is to examine the memories and feelings of nostalgia among Iranian migrants during these three time periods. To this end, theories of collective memory and nostalgia were used to analyze the findings. This is a qualitative study, and the data were obtained through in-depth virtual interviews (via Skype and WhatsApp). In this study, interviews were conducted with 11 migrants residing in Australia, Germany, the Netherlands, and Sweden. The results indicate that memories and nostalgias in the first group primarily revolve around childhood memories, in the second group focus on political activities, and in the third group center on economic, social, and cultural issues. Memories from the first and second groups are more closely associated with feelings of nostalgia, and the sense of nostalgia in all three periods is more pronounced among the male interviewees than the female ones.In recent decades, Iran has been considered one of the leading countries in terms of emigration. Iranian migration can be categorized into three waves, corresponding to three time periods. A) The years 1950-1979, during which most migrations were for higher education with the intention of returning to Iran. B) The years 1979-1995, when most migrations were forced due to revolution and war. C) The years 1995 to the present, where the majority of migrations are for economic reasons, aimed at achieving stability and a better life, without the intention of returning to the country. The aim of this research is to examine the memories and feelings of nostalgia among Iranian migrants during these three time periods. To this end, theories of collective memory and nostalgia were used to analyze the findings. This is a qualitative study, and the data were obtained through in-depth virtual interviews (via Skype and WhatsApp). In this study, interviews were conducted with 11 migrants residing in Australia, Germany, the Netherlands, and Sweden. The results indicate that memories and nostalgias in the first group primarily revolve around childhood memories, in the second group focus on political activities, and in the third group center on economic, social, and cultural issues. Memories from the first and second groups are more closely associated with feelings of nostalgia, and the sense of nostalgia in all three periods is more pronounced among the male interviewees than the female ones.http://www.jicr.ir/article_530_d64a340bcb633f536d56e51874281454.pdf