Author
Assistant Professor of Institute for Social and Cultural Research
Abstract
In addition to the curriculum and the learning targets, there are some other points –as “the culture of the real life”, “patterns of communication and virtual-life’s experiencing”, and generally “pattern of communication and internet usage”- should be considered in evaluating internet. Applying results of a survey on the impacts of both the web-based and the traditional educational methods on students’ learning and motivation, the present study explores the patterns of internet usage. Research method is experimental, using the t test for independent groups and analyzing multi-variable regression, and some points as the population, method of sampling and data gathering is explained in the article. Results show that there is a meaningful difference between the grades of the test group and the witness group; thus variable of “the internet usage” could predict changes in learning. In other words, supra-usage of internet would decrease learning and curriculum development. However, using internet for scientific and schooling would cause students to correlate their patterns of computer and internet usage. As results show, decline in entertaining usage of internet is related to the socio-cultural context, way and amount of participating in the web, and the quality of virtual learning sphere, rather than the interest or disinterest of the users.
Keywords
Ally, M. (2003) “Foundations of Educational Theory for Online Learning”, in T. Anderson & F. Elloumi & et. al, Theory and Practice of Online Learning, Athabasca: Athabasca University.
Anderson, T & Elloumi, F. (2007) Theory and Practice of Online Learning, Athabasca, Athabasca University.
Anderson, T. (2003) “Toward a Theory of Online Learning”, in T. Anderson & F. Elloumi & et. al, Theory and Practice of Online Learning, Athabasca: Athabasca University.
Bickford, D.J. & Wright, D.J. (2006) “Community: The Hidden Context For Learning”, Available at http://www.educause.edu/learningspacesch4
Bin, C. (1997) “Brewster Academy Report”, available at http://www.brewsteracademy.org/RelId/33637/ISvars/default/Home.htm
Caplan, D. (2003) “The Development of Online Coerces”, in T. Anderson & F.Elloum (et al ) , Theory and Practice of Online Learning, Athabasca, Athabasca University.
Castells, M. (1380 [2002 A.D]) Asr-e Etelâât: Zohor-e Jâmee-h Ŝabakei (Persian Translation of The Rise of the Network Society: The Power of Identity), Translated by Aliqoliyân and Xakbâz, Tehran: Enteŝârât-e Tarh-e No h.
Delâvar, A. (1376 [1997 A.D]) Mabâni-ye Nazari va Amali-ye Pažoheŝ dar Olum-e Ensâni va Ejtemâi (Persian Translation of Theoretical and Practical Principles of Research in Social Science), Tehran: Enteŝârât-e Roŝd.
Dutton, W.G. (2003) Information Society and Education, Paris: UNESCO Press.
Ebrâhim Âbâdi, H. (1387 [2008 A.D]) Moqâyese-h Tasir-e Do Raveŝ-e Âmozeŝ az Tariq-e Ŝabak-e Web va Âmozeŝ be-h Raveŝ-e Sonati bar Yâdgiri va Angizeŝ-e Piŝraft-e Tahsili-ye Dâneŝâmozân-e Sâl-e Dovom-e Dabirestân-e Mofid-e Ŝahr-e Tehran (Persian Translation of Comparing Web-based and Lecture-based Methods of Education and Their Impacts on Junior Students’ Learning and Curriculum Improvement in Tehran’s Mofid High School), PHD Thesis, Tehran: Allâme-h Tabâtabâi University.
Ebrâhim Zâde-h, Isa (1386 [2007 A.D]) “Enteqâl az Dâneŝgâh-e Âmozeŝ az Râh-e Dor-e Sonati be-h Dâneŝgâh-e Majâzi: Noâvari va Čâleŝ-e Taqiir” (Persian Translation of Transforming Traditional Distance Teaching into Virtual University; Innovation and the Challenge of Change), Faslnâme-h Pažoheŝ va Barnâme-h Rizi dar Âmozeŝ-e Âli, Vol.43 (1): 113-134.
European Commission (2001- 2003) Directorate General for Education and Culture and European Universities Association: Leaning Structures, Paris and London: European Commission Press.
European Information Technology Commission (2003-2007) Report from the Education Council to the European Council, available at http://ec.europa.eu/education/policies/2010/doc/rep_fut_obj_en.pdf
Anderson, T & Elloumi, F. (2007) Theory and Practice of Online Learning, Athabasca, Athabasca University.
Anderson, T. (2003) “Toward a Theory of Online Learning”, in T. Anderson & F. Elloumi & et. al, Theory and Practice of Online Learning, Athabasca: Athabasca University.
Bickford, D.J. & Wright, D.J. (2006) “Community: The Hidden Context For Learning”, Available at http://www.educause.edu/learningspacesch4
Bin, C. (1997) “Brewster Academy Report”, available at http://www.brewsteracademy.org/RelId/33637/ISvars/default/Home.htm
Caplan, D. (2003) “The Development of Online Coerces”, in T. Anderson & F.Elloum (et al ) , Theory and Practice of Online Learning, Athabasca, Athabasca University.
Castells, M. (1380 [2002 A.D]) Asr-e Etelâât: Zohor-e Jâmee-h Ŝabakei (Persian Translation of The Rise of the Network Society: The Power of Identity), Translated by Aliqoliyân and Xakbâz, Tehran: Enteŝârât-e Tarh-e No h.
Delâvar, A. (1376 [1997 A.D]) Mabâni-ye Nazari va Amali-ye Pažoheŝ dar Olum-e Ensâni va Ejtemâi (Persian Translation of Theoretical and Practical Principles of Research in Social Science), Tehran: Enteŝârât-e Roŝd.
Dutton, W.G. (2003) Information Society and Education, Paris: UNESCO Press.
Ebrâhim Âbâdi, H. (1387 [2008 A.D]) Moqâyese-h Tasir-e Do Raveŝ-e Âmozeŝ az Tariq-e Ŝabak-e Web va Âmozeŝ be-h Raveŝ-e Sonati bar Yâdgiri va Angizeŝ-e Piŝraft-e Tahsili-ye Dâneŝâmozân-e Sâl-e Dovom-e Dabirestân-e Mofid-e Ŝahr-e Tehran (Persian Translation of Comparing Web-based and Lecture-based Methods of Education and Their Impacts on Junior Students’ Learning and Curriculum Improvement in Tehran’s Mofid High School), PHD Thesis, Tehran: Allâme-h Tabâtabâi University.
Ebrâhim Zâde-h, Isa (1386 [2007 A.D]) “Enteqâl az Dâneŝgâh-e Âmozeŝ az Râh-e Dor-e Sonati be-h Dâneŝgâh-e Majâzi: Noâvari va Čâleŝ-e Taqiir” (Persian Translation of Transforming Traditional Distance Teaching into Virtual University; Innovation and the Challenge of Change), Faslnâme-h Pažoheŝ va Barnâme-h Rizi dar Âmozeŝ-e Âli, Vol.43 (1): 113-134.
European Commission (2001- 2003) Directorate General for Education and Culture and European Universities Association: Leaning Structures, Paris and London: European Commission Press.
European Information Technology Commission (2003-2007) Report from the Education Council to the European Council, available at http://ec.europa.eu/education/policies/2010/doc/rep_fut_obj_en.pdf
Fahy, P. (2004) “Media Characteristics and Online Learning Technology”, in T. Anderson & F. Elloumi , Theory and Practice of Online Learning, Athabasca: Athabasca University press.
Franz, K.R. (2003) “Building Better School- Home Connection with Technology”, in D.T. Gordon, Digital Classroom, Cambridge: Harvard Education Press & Story Street.
Garrison, D.R. & Anderson, T. (2005) E -learning: A Frame work for Research and Practice, London: Routledge.
Garrison, D.R. & Anderson, T. (2007) “E- learning in the 21st Century”, British journal of Education Technology, Vol. 38(4):755-775.
Grey, D. (2001) The Internet in School, London: Cassells Education.
Hergenhan, B. R. & Olson, M. (1385 [2006 A.D]) Moqadamei bar Nazariyehâ-ye Yâdgiri (Persian Translation of an Introduction to Theories of Learning), Translated by Ali Akbar Seyf, Tehran: Enteŝârât-e Dorân.
http://www.itu.int/wsis/stocktaking/docs/2008/WSIS-Stocktaking2008-e.pdf
Kerry, B. & Isakson, J. (2007) The Power of the Internet for Learning: Moving from Promise to Practice, Washington: Educational Resources Information Center.
Lynch, M. (1383 [2004 A.D]) Madrese-h Majâzi (Persian Translation of The Virtual School), Translated by Translators Group and Ebâdi, Tehran: Moasese-h Âftâb-e Mehr.
Lynch, M. (2000, 2003) The Online Educator, London: Routledge.
Mc Kimm, J. & Jolli, C. & Cantillon, P. (2006) “ABC of Learning and Teaching.: Web Based Learning”, available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12702625
Motamed Nežâd, K. (1384 [2005 A.D]) Jâmee-h Etelââti: Andiŝehâ-ye Bonyâdi, Didgâhhâ-ye Enteqâdi va Čaŝmandâzhâ-ye Jahâni (Persian Translation of The Information Society: Fundamental Ideas, Critical Insights and Global Perspectives), Tehran: Markaz-e Pažoheŝhâ-ye Ertebâtât.
Mousavi, A. & Sabz Ali Gol, M. (1385 [2006 A.D]) Govahinâme-h Baynolmelali-ye Kârbari-ye Computer (Persian Translation of International Certificate of the Computer Usage (XP-ICDL)), Tehran: Sâzmân-e Modiriyat va Barnâme-h Rizi-ye Keŝvar.
Oblinger, D.G. (2006) “Spaces as a Change Agent”, available at http://www.educause.edu/learningspacesch1
OECD (2001) Learning to Change, ICT in Schools, Paris: OECD publication.
______(2003) Schooling for Tomorrow: ICT in schools, Paris: OECD publication.
Patru, M. (2003) Information and Communication Technology in Education: A Curriculum for Schools and Programme of Teacher Development, Paris: UNESCO.
Franz, K.R. (2003) “Building Better School- Home Connection with Technology”, in D.T. Gordon, Digital Classroom, Cambridge: Harvard Education Press & Story Street.
Garrison, D.R. & Anderson, T. (2005) E -learning: A Frame work for Research and Practice, London: Routledge.
Garrison, D.R. & Anderson, T. (2007) “E- learning in the 21st Century”, British journal of Education Technology, Vol. 38(4):755-775.
Grey, D. (2001) The Internet in School, London: Cassells Education.
Hergenhan, B. R. & Olson, M. (1385 [2006 A.D]) Moqadamei bar Nazariyehâ-ye Yâdgiri (Persian Translation of an Introduction to Theories of Learning), Translated by Ali Akbar Seyf, Tehran: Enteŝârât-e Dorân.
http://www.itu.int/wsis/stocktaking/docs/2008/WSIS-Stocktaking2008-e.pdf
Kerry, B. & Isakson, J. (2007) The Power of the Internet for Learning: Moving from Promise to Practice, Washington: Educational Resources Information Center.
Lynch, M. (1383 [2004 A.D]) Madrese-h Majâzi (Persian Translation of The Virtual School), Translated by Translators Group and Ebâdi, Tehran: Moasese-h Âftâb-e Mehr.
Lynch, M. (2000, 2003) The Online Educator, London: Routledge.
Mc Kimm, J. & Jolli, C. & Cantillon, P. (2006) “ABC of Learning and Teaching.: Web Based Learning”, available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12702625
Motamed Nežâd, K. (1384 [2005 A.D]) Jâmee-h Etelââti: Andiŝehâ-ye Bonyâdi, Didgâhhâ-ye Enteqâdi va Čaŝmandâzhâ-ye Jahâni (Persian Translation of The Information Society: Fundamental Ideas, Critical Insights and Global Perspectives), Tehran: Markaz-e Pažoheŝhâ-ye Ertebâtât.
Mousavi, A. & Sabz Ali Gol, M. (1385 [2006 A.D]) Govahinâme-h Baynolmelali-ye Kârbari-ye Computer (Persian Translation of International Certificate of the Computer Usage (XP-ICDL)), Tehran: Sâzmân-e Modiriyat va Barnâme-h Rizi-ye Keŝvar.
Oblinger, D.G. (2006) “Spaces as a Change Agent”, available at http://www.educause.edu/learningspacesch1
OECD (2001) Learning to Change, ICT in Schools, Paris: OECD publication.
______(2003) Schooling for Tomorrow: ICT in schools, Paris: OECD publication.
Patru, M. (2003) Information and Communication Technology in Education: A Curriculum for Schools and Programme of Teacher Development, Paris: UNESCO.
Patru, M. (2005) Information and Communication Technologies in Schools: A Hand Book for Teachers or How ICT Can Create New Open Learning Environments, Paris: UNESCO.
Poortoroq, Â. (1385 [2006 A.D]) Barrasi-ye Avâmel-e Ejtemâi-ye Moaser bar Mizân-e Estefâde-h az Internet va Tasir-e ân bar Amalkard-e Elmi-ye Dâneŝjoyân-e Dâneŝgâh-e Âzâd-e Islami Vâhed-e Olum va Tahqiqât (Persian Translation of Affecting Social Factors on the Internet Usage and Their Impacts on the Students’ Scientific Performance in Azad University, Science and Research Branch), MA Thesis, Dâneŝgâh-e Âzâd-e Islami- Vâhed-e Olum va Tahqiqât.
Selwyn, N. (2000) “The National Grid for Learning Initiative: Connecting the Learning Society?”, School Leadership &. Management, Vol. 20(4); 407-414.
Ŝokrxâh, Y. (1385 [2006 A.D]) Barrasi va Arzyabi-ye Gozâreŝhâ, Asnâd va Mosavabât-e Dovomin Ejlâs-e Jahâni-ye Sarân Darbâre-h Jâmee-h Etelââti (Persian Translation of Studying and Evaluating Reports, Briefings, and Documents in World Leaders’ 2nd Summit on the Information Society), Tehran: Markaz-e Pažoheŝhâ-ye Ertebâtât.
Tommy, I. (1383 [2004]) Jâmee-h Dânâi va Porseŝhâ-ye Pažoheŝi-ye Âyande-h (Persian Translation of Knowledge Society and Future Research Questions), Translated by Ismail Yazdânpoor, Tehran: Markaz-e Pažoheŝhâ-ye Ertebâtât.
Tuomi, I. (2002) The Future of Knowledge Management: Lifelong Learning in Europe, Finland: Institute for Prospective Technological Studies Press.
UNESCO (2003-2005) Documents and Texts on the Information Society, Paris: UNESCO.
UNESCO Division of Statistics (2001-2005) World science Report and Education Report, Paris: UNESCO.
Unite Nations Development Programmed (UNDP) and Digital Opportunity Initiative (2001-2007) Final Report of the Digital Opportunity and Digital Divide, Paris: UNDP press.
Venuyopal, R. & Manjulika, S. (2002) “The Changing Context of Higher Education in the 21st Century”, in R. Venugopal and S. Manjulika, Toward Virtualization, Open and Distance Learning, London: Kogan Page.
Warschauer, M. (2003) Technology and Social Inclusion: Rethinking the Digital Divide, Massachuset and London: The MIT Press.
Web- based Education Commission (2000) Report to the President of US, available at www.webcommission.org
World Summit on the Information Society (2005) Documents and Reports and Representative of Country, available at
http://www.itu.int/wsis/stocktaking/docs/2008/WSIS-Stocktaking2008-e.pdf
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Selwyn, N. (2000) “The National Grid for Learning Initiative: Connecting the Learning Society?”, School Leadership &. Management, Vol. 20(4); 407-414.
Ŝokrxâh, Y. (1385 [2006 A.D]) Barrasi va Arzyabi-ye Gozâreŝhâ, Asnâd va Mosavabât-e Dovomin Ejlâs-e Jahâni-ye Sarân Darbâre-h Jâmee-h Etelââti (Persian Translation of Studying and Evaluating Reports, Briefings, and Documents in World Leaders’ 2nd Summit on the Information Society), Tehran: Markaz-e Pažoheŝhâ-ye Ertebâtât.
Tommy, I. (1383 [2004]) Jâmee-h Dânâi va Porseŝhâ-ye Pažoheŝi-ye Âyande-h (Persian Translation of Knowledge Society and Future Research Questions), Translated by Ismail Yazdânpoor, Tehran: Markaz-e Pažoheŝhâ-ye Ertebâtât.
Tuomi, I. (2002) The Future of Knowledge Management: Lifelong Learning in Europe, Finland: Institute for Prospective Technological Studies Press.
UNESCO (2003-2005) Documents and Texts on the Information Society, Paris: UNESCO.
UNESCO Division of Statistics (2001-2005) World science Report and Education Report, Paris: UNESCO.
Unite Nations Development Programmed (UNDP) and Digital Opportunity Initiative (2001-2007) Final Report of the Digital Opportunity and Digital Divide, Paris: UNDP press.
Venuyopal, R. & Manjulika, S. (2002) “The Changing Context of Higher Education in the 21st Century”, in R. Venugopal and S. Manjulika, Toward Virtualization, Open and Distance Learning, London: Kogan Page.
Warschauer, M. (2003) Technology and Social Inclusion: Rethinking the Digital Divide, Massachuset and London: The MIT Press.
Web- based Education Commission (2000) Report to the President of US, available at www.webcommission.org
World Summit on the Information Society (2005) Documents and Reports and Representative of Country, available at
http://www.itu.int/wsis/stocktaking/docs/2008/WSIS-Stocktaking2008-e.pdf
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