Author
Assistant Professor of Political Science, Faculty of International Relations
Abstract
First of all, the present study would explain 6-layer dimensions of culture –including beliefs, values, and norms (as the core of culture), and symbols, rituals, and customs, technologies, skills, and innovations (as the culture surface). Then, applying communication theories besides exploring the concept of “culture-building” involving culture-admission (affecting both core and surface of culture) and culture-orientation (affecting culture’s surface); it would analyze the cultural affects media has in thoughts, normalizing, symbolizing, socialization, modeling, and innovation. The assessed hypothesis emphasizes that in the core of culture, media play an educational and stabilizing role in culture-admission process, while in the surface of culture –the culture-orientation process- they could transform behaviors and social models.
Keywords
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Bonté, P. & Izard, M. (1991) Dictionnaire de l’ethnologie et de l’anthropologie, Paris: PUF.
Bourdieu, P. (1990) In other Words: Essays toward a Reflexive Sociology, Cambridge: UK: Polity Press.
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Casino, J. (1364 [1985 A.D]) Qodrat-e Television (Persian Translation of Television Power), Translated by Ali Asadi, Tehran: Enteŝârât-e Amir Kabir.
Collett, P. (1977) “The Rules of Conduct”, P. Collett (Ed.) Social Rules and Social Behavior, Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Littlefield.
Copley, T. (1994) Religious Education: Developing Primary Teaching Skills, London: Routledge.
Cuche, D. (2004) La notion de culture dans les sciences sociales, Troisième Edition, Paris: La Découverte.
Dalfen, Charles M. (1979) “Cultural Values and Communication”, Series: Cultures, VI, 1, Paris: Unesco Publications.
Debray, R. (1997) Transmettre, Paris: Odile Jcob.
Dehŝiri, M. (1384 [2005 A.D]) “Barrasi-ye Sâzokârhâ-ye Nahâdine-h Sâzi-ye Hamkârihâ-ye Rasâne-h-ei” (Persian Translation of The Mechanism of Internalisation of
Bastide, D. (1987) Religious Education, Lewes: Falmer press.
Bastide, R. (1960) “Problèmes de l’entrecroisement des civilisations et de leurs oeuvres” in George Gurvitch (dir), Traité de sociologie, Paris: PUF.
4 Bednarts, D. (1384 [2005 A.D]) “Nahve-h Kâr-e Majale-h Beynolmelali-ye Spiegel: Qodrat va Naqŝ-e Rasâne-h-hâ dar Kâheŝ-e Tahdidhâ-ye Jahani” (Persian Translation of The Function of International Journal of Spiegel; Power and Role of Media in Reducing the Global Threats), Majmoe-h Soxanrâni-hâ va Maqâlât-e Erâe-h Ŝode-h dar Panjomion Seminâr-e Rasâne-h-iye Iran va Almân, Tehran: Markaz-e Câp va Enteŝârât-e Vezârat-e Omour-e Xâreje-h.
Bennet, J. (1973) “Culture”, in Encyclopedia Americana, USA, Chicago Publisher, pp. 313-316.
Boeren, A. (1379 [2000A.D]) Bod-e Farhangi-ye Ertebâtât Barâ-ye Tose-h (Persian Translation of The Cultural Dimension of Communication for Development), Translated by Mehrsimâ Falsafi, Enteŝârât-e Markaz-e Tahqiqât, Motâleât va Sanjeŝ-e Barnâme-h-iye Sedâ va Simâ.
Bonté, P. & Izard, M. (1991) Dictionnaire de l’ethnologie et de l’anthropologie, Paris: PUF.
Bourdieu, P. (1990) In other Words: Essays toward a Reflexive Sociology, Cambridge: UK: Polity Press.
Carlsson, U.; Tayie, Samy; Jacquinot-Delaunay, Genevieve & Tornero, José Mannuel Pérez (Eds.) (2008) Empowerment through Education: An Intercultural Dialogue, Sweden: Goteborg University.
Casino, J. (1364 [1985 A.D]) Qodrat-e Television (Persian Translation of Television Power), Translated by Ali Asadi, Tehran: Enteŝârât-e Amir Kabir.
Collett, P. (1977) “The Rules of Conduct”, P. Collett (Ed.) Social Rules and Social Behavior, Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Littlefield.
Copley, T. (1994) Religious Education: Developing Primary Teaching Skills, London: Routledge.
Cuche, D. (2004) La notion de culture dans les sciences sociales, Troisième Edition, Paris: La Découverte.
Dalfen, Charles M. (1979) “Cultural Values and Communication”, Series: Cultures, VI, 1, Paris: Unesco Publications.
Debray, R. (1997) Transmettre, Paris: Odile Jcob.
Dehŝiri, M. (1384 [2005 A.D]) “Barrasi-ye Sâzokârhâ-ye Nahâdine-h Sâzi-ye Hamkârihâ-ye Rasâne-h-ei” (Persian Translation of The Mechanism of Internalisation of
Media Cooperation: Qodrat va Naqŝ-e Rasâne-h-hâ dar Kâheŝ-e Tahdidhâ-ye Jahâni (The Function of International Journal of Spiegel; Power and Role of Media in Reducing the Global Threats), Majmoe-h Soxanrâni-hâ va Maqâlât-e Erâe-h Ŝode-h dar Panjomion Seminâr-e Rasâneh-iye Iran va Germany, Tehran: Markaz-e Câp va Enteŝârât-e Vezârat-e Omour-e Xârejeh.
Dehŝiri, M. (1381 [2002 A.D]) Naqŝ-e Rasâne-h-hâ dar Arse-h Siyâsat-e Xâreji dar Asr-e Jahâni Ŝodan (Persian Translation of Media Role in Foreign Policy; Age of Globalization), Majmoe-h Soxanrâni-hâ va Maqâlât-e Erâe-h Ŝode-h dar Panjomion Seminâr-e Rasâne-h-iye Iran va Germany, Tehran: Markaz-e Câp va Enteŝârât-e Vezârat-e Omour-e Xâreje-h.
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Dressler, W. (2002) A Working Definition of Culture, Department of Anthropology and School of Social Work, University of Alabama.
Durkheim, E. (1965) The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life, New York: Free Press.
_____ (1978) De la division du travail social, 10e Edition, Paris: PUF.
Gerbner, G. (1985) “Field Definitions: Communication Theory”, U. S. Directory of Graduate Programs (1984 1985) 9th Edition, USA.
Grossberg, L. Nelson, C. & Treichler, P. (Eds), (1992) Cultural Studies, London: Routledge & kegan Paul.
Haj Seyyed Javâdi, A. (1357[1978 A.D]) Mabâni-ye Farhang dar Jahân-e Sevom (Persian Translation of The Basic of Culture in Third World), Tehran: Enteŝârât-e Ravâq.
Haralomobos & Holburn, (2000) Sociology Themes and Perspectives, 6th edition, London: Harper Collins.
Herskovits, M.; Linton, Ralph, Redfield, Robert, (1936) “Memorandum on the Study of Acculturation”, American Anthropologist, Vol. 38 (1): 149-152.
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Jensen, K. B. (1995) The Social Semiotics of Mass Communication, London: Sage.
Kelly, J. (1983) Leisure Identities and Interaction, London: Allen and Unwin.
Kress, G. (ed.), (1988) Communication and Culture, Kensington: University of New South Wales Press.
Dehŝiri, M. (1381 [2002 A.D]) Naqŝ-e Rasâne-h-hâ dar Arse-h Siyâsat-e Xâreji dar Asr-e Jahâni Ŝodan (Persian Translation of Media Role in Foreign Policy; Age of Globalization), Majmoe-h Soxanrâni-hâ va Maqâlât-e Erâe-h Ŝode-h dar Panjomion Seminâr-e Rasâne-h-iye Iran va Germany, Tehran: Markaz-e Câp va Enteŝârât-e Vezârat-e Omour-e Xâreje-h.
Dehŝiri, M. (1384 [2005 A.D]) Osol-e Xabar Resâni va Barnâme-h Sâzi dar Rasâne-h Meli (Persian Translation of Principles of Programming in National Media), Tehran:Enteŝârât-e Sorouŝ.
Dressler, W. (2002) A Working Definition of Culture, Department of Anthropology and School of Social Work, University of Alabama.
Durkheim, E. (1965) The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life, New York: Free Press.
_____ (1978) De la division du travail social, 10e Edition, Paris: PUF.
Gerbner, G. (1985) “Field Definitions: Communication Theory”, U. S. Directory of Graduate Programs (1984 1985) 9th Edition, USA.
Grossberg, L. Nelson, C. & Treichler, P. (Eds), (1992) Cultural Studies, London: Routledge & kegan Paul.
Haj Seyyed Javâdi, A. (1357[1978 A.D]) Mabâni-ye Farhang dar Jahân-e Sevom (Persian Translation of The Basic of Culture in Third World), Tehran: Enteŝârât-e Ravâq.
Haralomobos & Holburn, (2000) Sociology Themes and Perspectives, 6th edition, London: Harper Collins.
Herskovits, M.; Linton, Ralph, Redfield, Robert, (1936) “Memorandum on the Study of Acculturation”, American Anthropologist, Vol. 38 (1): 149-152.
Hoovert, S. (1382 [2003 A.D]) Bâzandiši Darbâreh-ye Rasâne-h, Din va Farhang (Persian Translation of Rethinking Media, Religion and Culture), Translated by Masood Ariâi Niâ, Tehran: Enteŝârât-e Sorouŝ va Markaz-e Tahqiqât, Motâleât va Sanjeŝ-e Barnâmeh-iye Sedâ va Simâ.
Inglis, F. (1377 [1998 A.D]) Nazariye-h Rasâne-h-hâ (Persian Translation of Media Theory), Translated by Mahmood Haqiqat Kâŝâni, Tehran: Enteŝâarât-e Markaz-e Tahqiqât, Motâleât va Sanjeŝ-e Barnâme-h-iye Sedâ va Simâ.
Jensen, K. B. (1995) The Social Semiotics of Mass Communication, London: Sage.
Kelly, J. (1983) Leisure Identities and Interaction, London: Allen and Unwin.
Kress, G. (ed.), (1988) Communication and Culture, Kensington: University of New South Wales Press.
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Tylor, E. (1871) Primitive Culture: Researches into the Development of Mythology, Philosophy, Religion, Art, and Custom. New York: Gordon Press.
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Williams, R. (1958) Culture and Society: 1780-1950, New York: Columbia University Press.
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Lull, J. (2000) Media, Communication, Culture: A Global Approach, Second Edition, Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
Lull, J. (ed.), (1988) World Families Watch Television, Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Mâleki, M. (1383 [2004 A.D]) Bâyeste-h-hâ-ye Xabar (Persian Translation of News Essentials), Tehran: Enteŝârât-e Sorous.
O’Brien, R. (1984) “Mass Media, éducation et transmission des valeurs”, in: Series: Media Education, Paris: Unesco Publications.
Owhadi, M. (1376 [1997 A.D]) “Rasâne-h-hâ va Jahâni Ŝodan-e Frahang” (Persian Translation of Media and Globalization of Culture), Ketâb-e Sorouŝ, Majmoe-h Maqâlât-e 2: Rasâne-h-hâ va Frahang, Tehran: Enteŝârât-e Sorouŝ.
Poirrier, P. (Université de Bourgogne) (Janvier-Juin 2007), Politique culturelle et patrimoines, Vieille Europe et Nouveaux mondes, Dans : Culture & Muse`es, Revue.
Qâemmaqâmi, F. (1356 [1977 A.D] Amozeŝ yâ Estemâr-e Farhangi (Persian Translation of Education or Cultural Imperialism), Tehran: Enteŝârât-e Jâvidân.
Servent, P. (1387[2008 A.D]) Xiyânat-e Rsâne-h-hâ (Persian Translation of La Trahision, des Medias), Translated by Mohammad Reza Dehsiri, Tehran: Pažoheŝkade-h Motâleât-e Farhangi va Ejtemâi.
Smith, Anthony D. (1991) National Identity, London: Penguin Books.
Tehrâniân, M. (1373 [1994 A.D]) “Enqelâb-e Bozorg va Rasâne-h-ha-ye Kocak” (Persian Translation of Big Revolution and Small Media), Mahnâme-h Farhangi va Honari-ye Kelk, Vol. - (60) 31-319.
Thompson, J. B. (1990) Ideology and Modern Culture: Critical Social Theory in the Era of Mass Communication, Stanford CA: Stanford University Press.
Thompson, J. B. (1995) The Media and Modernity: A Social Theory of the Media, Cambridge: Polity Press.
Tomlinson, J. (1999) Globalization and Culture, Cambridge: Polity Press.
Tylor, E. (1871) Primitive Culture: Researches into the Development of Mythology, Philosophy, Religion, Art, and Custom. New York: Gordon Press.
UNESCO, (2003) “Convention of Intangible Cultural Heritage”, www.unesco.org.
Williams, R. (1958) Culture and Society: 1780-1950, New York: Columbia University Press.
Xâniki, H. (1376 [1997 A.D]) “Farhang-e Jamii va Rasâne-h-hâ-ye No” (Persian Translation of Mass Culture and New Media), Ketâb-e Sorouŝ, Majmoe-h Maqâlât-e 2: Rasâne-h-hâ va Frahang, Tehran: Enteŝârât-e Sorouŝ.
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