Author
Assistant professor of Communication, Imam Sadeq University
Abstract
Although the current age is called “communication age” so far many definitions have been presented for the concept of communications. This concept still requires a more appropriate and comprehensive definite. One of the serious problems in defining communication is the fact that its meaning is taken for granted and diffused in all aspects of life. This situation creates many difficulties in presenting a comprehensive definition of communication. The precise definition of communication not only can contribute to a deeper understanding of this concept but also, it can explain relationship between culture and media in another way.
This article tries to study the different definitions and meanings of the concept of “communication”, by using semantic analysis for this concept. This definition, not only provides a new perception of the conceptual meaning of communication, but also, makes possible a deeper understanding of relationship between culture and media as the most important mass media at the different individual, social and intercultural levels.
Keywords
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Translated by Manočehr Sabori, Tehran: Našr-e Nay.
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Markaz-e Tahqiqât-e Dânešgâh-e Imam Sâdeq.
2. Berlo, D. (1960) The Process of Communication, New York: Rinehart and Winston.
3. Buhler, M. (1974) Introduction a la Communication, Paris: Tema.
4. Burgoon, J., Hubbard,E & Amy, S. (2005) “Cross-Cultural and Intercultural Applications
of Expectancy Violations Theory and Interaction Adaptation Theory”, in William
B. Gudykunst, Theorizing Intercultural Communication, London: Sage Publications.
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Literature, New York: Cornell University Press.
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Translation of Individual and Communal Culture), Translated by Abbâs Bâqeri, Tehran:
Farânpoor.
8. Dorwin, B. et. al. (1378 [1999 A.D]) Baznegari dar Ertebatat, Masayele marbot
be negareha (Persian Translation of Rethinking of Communication: Question to
Paradigms), Translated by Mahmood Sadri, Tehran: Markaz-e Motaleat va Thaqiqat-e
Rasaneha.
9. Fish, S. (1980) Is There a Text in this Class? The Authority of Interpretive Communities,
Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
10. Fiske, J. (1386[2007 A.D]) Darâmadi bar Motâleât-e Ertebâti (Persian Translation
of Introduction to Communication Studies), Translated by Mahdi Qabrâii, Tehran:
Daftar-e Motâleât va Taose-h Rasânehâ.
11. Foucault, M. (1378 [1999 A.D]) Morâqebat va Tanbih (Persian Translation of
Surveiller et Punir), Translated by Niko Sarxoš, Afsin Jahândide-h, Tehran: Našr-e
Nay.
12. Gerbner, G. (1956) “Toward a General Model of Communication”, in Audio Visual
Communication Review, Vol. 4(3): 99-171.
13. Giddens, A.(1379 [2000 A.D]) Jâmeešenâsi (Persian Translation of Sociology),
Translated by Manočehr Sabori, Tehran: Našr-e Nay.
14. Gray, H. (1993) “Cultural Theory, Social Construction and Social Problems”, in M.
Gale, & J. A. Holstein (eds.), Constructionist Controversies: Issues in Social Problems
Theory, NY: Aldine de Gruyter.
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Knopf Publishing Group.
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Media and Representation), Tehran: Daftar-e Motâleât va Taose-h Rasânehâ.
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Cultural Theory in Diverse Contexts”, in William Gudykunst, Theorizing Intercultural
Communication, London: Sage Publications.
American Perceptions of Problematic Communication Effectiveness”, in Human Communication
Research, Vol.19 (2): 209-236.
19. Hecht, L., Warren, R., Jung, E. & Krieger, L. (2005) “The Communication Theory
of Identity: Development, Theoretical Perspective and Future Directions”, in William
B. Gudykunst, Theorizing Intercultural Communication, London: Sage Publications.
20. Jakobson, R. (1960) “Closing statement: Linguistics and Poetics”, in Sebeok, T.
(ed.), Style and Language, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
21. Kaplan A. (1943) Content Analysis and the Theory of Signs, New York: Bobbs-
Merrill.
22. Kroeber, L. & Kluckhohn, C. (1952) Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts and
Definitions, London: Cambridge University Press.
23. Larry, S. & Porter, R. (1383 [2004 A.D]) Ertebât-e Bayn-e Farhanghâ (Persian
Translation of Communication between Cultures), Translated by Qolâmrezâ Kiyâni,
Sayyed Akbar Mirhosseini, Tehran: Bâz.
24. Lasswell, H. (1948) “The Structure and Function of Communication in Society”,
in: Bryson, L. (ed), The Communication of Ideas, New York: Institute for Religious and
Social Studies; Illinois: University of Illinois Press.
25. Littlejohn, S. W. (2002) Theories of Human Communication, London: Sage.
26. Mahdi Zâde-h, M. (1387 [2008 A.D]) Rasânehâ va Bâznâmi (Persian Translation of
Media and Representation), Tehran: Daftar-e Motâleât va Taose-h Rasânehâ.
27. Malinowsky, R. (1957) Carol Garden and Their Magics, London: Sage.
28. Mc Quail, D. (1964) “Ertebatat va Frhang" (Persian Translation of Understanding
Media), Translated by Mohammad Saiid Mahdavi Kani, in Faslnameh-ye Rasane-h,
No.60.
29. Molânâ, H. (1376[1997 A.D]) Ertebâtât-e Miyân Farhangi (Persian Translation of
Intercultural Communications), Tehran: Dânešgâh-e Imam Sâdeq.
30. Molânâ, H. (1384 [2005 A.D]) Etelâât va Ertebâtât-e Jahâni (Persian Translation of
Global Information and Communication), Translated by Asadolâh Âzâd, Mohammad
Hassan Zâde-h, Maryam Oxovati, Tehran: Našr-e Ketâbdâr.
31. Moon,G. (1996) "Concepts of Culture: Implications for Intercultural Communication
Research", in Communication Quarterly, Vol. 44(1):70- 84.
32. Newcomb, T. (1953) “An Approach to the Study of Communications Acts”, in Psychological
Review, Vol.60 (6):393-404.
33. Olayiwola, A. (1993) “Interpersonal Communication, Human Interaction and Social
Relationship in Islam”, in Africa Media Review, Vol. 7(3): 91-104.
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Ertebati”, in www.Ayandeh-Negar.com
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Karbord-e an dar Motaleat-e Qorani” (Persian Translation of Semantic Theory and its
Application in Quran Studies), in Do Mâh Nâm-e Khabari-e Etelâ Resâni, Vol. 8(45-
46):
37. Payne, M. (1382 [2003 A.D]) Farhang-e Andišeh-ye Enteqâdi (Persian Translation
of A Dictionary of Cultural and Critical Theory), Translated by Payâm Yazdânjo,
Tehran: Našr-e Markaz.
38. Prosser, M. (1979) "Intercultural Communication Theory and Research Overview
of Major Constructs", in B.O., Ruben, Communication Yearbook 2: An Annual Review,
London: International Communication Association.
39. Rodgers, E. (1387 [2008 A.D]) Târix-e Tahlili-ye Elm-e Ertebâtât: Roykardi
Šarh-e Hâlnegârâne-h (Persian Translation of A History of Communication Study: a
Biographical Approach), Translated by Qolâmrezâ Âzari, Tehran: Našr-e Dânže-h.
40. Safavi, K. (1382 [2003 A.D]) Manâ Šenâsi-ye Karbordi (Persian Translation of
Applied Semantics), Tehran: Entešârât-e Hamšahri.
41. Sâsâni, F. (1383 [2004 A.D]) Majmoe-h Maqâlât-e Avalin Hamandiši-ye Nešâne-h
Šenâsi-ye Honar (Persian Translation of Proceedings of the First Conference on Art
Semiology), Tehran: Entešârât-e Farhangestân-e Honar.
42. Shannon, C. & Weaver, W. et. al. (1949) The Mathematical Theory of Communication,
Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
43. Shannon, E. (1949a) “Communication in the Presence of Noise”, in Proceedings of
the I.R.E, Vol. 86 (2): 10-21.
44. Smith, A. G. (ed.) (1966) Communication and Culture, New York: Holt, Rinehart
& Winston.
45. Toshihiko, I. (1381 [2002 A.D]) Xodâ va Ensân dar Quran (Persian Translation of
God and Human in Quran), Translated by Ahmad Ârâm, Tehran: Šerkat-e Sahâmi-ye
Entešâr.
46. Weaver, W. (1949b) “Recent Contributions to the Mathematical Theory of Communication”.
In Claude E. Shannon and Warren Weaver (eds.), The Mathematical Theory
of Communication, Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
47. Westley, B. & MacLean, M. (1957) “A Conceptual Model for Communication Research”,
in Journalism Quarterly, Vol. 3 (1): 31-8.
48. Wimmer, R. & Dominick, J. (1384 [2005 A.D]) Tahqiq dar Rasânehâ-ye Jamii
(Persian Translation of Mass Media Research: an Introduction), Translated by Kavoos
Sayyed Imami, Tehran: Entešârât-e Soroš va Markaz-e Tahqiqât, Motâleât va Sanješ-e
Barnâmeh-iye Sedâ va Simâ.
49. Wood, T. (2005) Gendered Lives: Communication, Gender and Culture, 6th edition,
Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
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