Journal of Iranian Cultural Research

Journal of Iranian Cultural Research

Commusocialism and the culture of anti-peace in contemporary Iran

Document Type : Scientific Research Manuscript

Author
Professor of Political Thought, Faculty of World Studies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
10.22035/jicr.2026.3525.3750
Abstract
A part of the causes of aversion to peace and cultural hostility to peace lies in ideology. The focus of this article is to examine the impact of Western social ideology on peace-hostility, othering, and extremism in contemporary Iranian political culture. The concept of “Kemo-socialism” is coined by combining the words communism and socialism, and the main question is how the Kemo-socialist culture has influenced othering, intolerance, and hostility to peace in contemporary Iranian political culture. After presenting a theoretical discussion and defining the key concepts, the article briefly addresses Iran’s encounter with modernity and the West. It then discusses the formation of Iranian political culture in the decades leading up to the Islamic Revolution in 1979. In this section, five currents shaping political culture during this period are introduced, and the sources forming this culture, as well as their continued influence on each other, are analyzed. The next section is devoted to the reproduction of Kemo-socialist political culture after the Islamic Revolution and its persistence to the present day. In the final part, the article highlights the incompatibility of the formed political culture with Islam on the one hand, and with five authentic Iranian-Islamic sources on the other. The findings indicate that, from the time of encountering the West and modernity until today, Iranians have been influenced, in terms of political attitudes and culture, more by the social West and significantly less by the liberal West.

Keywords

Subjects


Abrahamian, E. (1999). Īrān beyn-e dow enqelāb [Iran between two revolutions] (A. Golmohammadi & M. Fattahi, Trans.). Tehran, Iran: Našr-e Ney. (Original work published 1982) [In Persian]
Abrahamian, E. (2004(. Īrān beyn-e dow enqelāb [Iran Between Two Revolutions] (A. Golmohammadi & M. Fattahi, Trans.). Tehran, Iran: Našr-e Ney. )Original work published 1982) [In Persian]
Abrahamian, E. (2007). Eslām-e rādikāl: mojāhedin-e Irāni [Radical Islam: The Iranian Mojahedin]. Germany: Nima Publications. (Original work published 1989) [In Persian]
Ahmadi Miyanji, M. A. (2003). Mālekiyat-e xosusi dar Eslām [Private Ownership in Islam]. Tehran, Iran: Dādgostar. [In Persian]
Ahmadi, H., & Hasani, M. (2010). Political wisdom in Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh: Principles and structures. Political Quarterly, 40(3), 21–40.
Ahsa’i, M.b. ʿA. b. I. (1408). ʿAwāli al-Laʾāli [ʿAwali al-Laʾali]. Qom, Iran: Dār Sayyid al-Shuhadāʾ. [In Arabic]
Ahsa’i, Shaykh Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Ibrahim. (1998). Awāli al-La'āli (Vols. 1-2). Qom: Dār Dayyid al-Shuhadā.
Al-e Ahmad, J. (2017). Gharb-zadegi [Westoxication]. Tehran, Iran: Farhang-Rūz & Ferdows. [In Persian]
Alidoost, A., & Ebrahimirad, M. (2011). Study of the Rule of Control and Its Scope. Islamic Law, 7(24), 7-31.
Alikhani, A. A. (2010). Axlāq-e došmani dar andiše-ye siyāsi-ye Eslām [The Ethics of Enmity in Islamic Political Thought]. Journal of Political Science, 5(4), 69–103. [In Persian]
Alikhani, A. A. (2014). Islam in the Dilemma of Violence and Peace: the roots of non-peaceful interpretations of Islam. Research Letter of Political Science, 9(2), 131-148.
Alikhani, A. A. (2021). Kerāmat-e ensāni, xošunat va axlāq dar andiše-ye siyāsi-ye Emām Ali [Human Dignity, Violence, and Ethics in the Political Thought of Imam Ali]. In A. Pakatchi & M. Salmānnejād (Eds.), Axlāq-e ejtemāʿi dar Nahj al-Balāghe [Social Ethics in Nahj al-Balāghe] (pp.63-100). Tehran, Iran: Khāne-ye Ketāb va Adabiyāt-e Irān. [In Persian]
Alikhani, A. A. (2024b). Nazariye va raveš-e zanjire’i dar jaryān-pažūhi [Chain Theory and Method in Process Research]. Tehran, Iran: Našr-e Negāh-e Moʿāser. [In Persian]
Alikhani, A. A. (2013). Eslām va hamzisti-ye mosālematāmiz; ċāleš-e jahān-e modern barāye zendegi [Islam and Peaceful Coexistence: The Challenge of the Modern World for Life]. Tehran, Iran: Našr-e Beh-Āfarin. [In Persian]
Alikhani, A.A. (2003). Akhlaq va siyāsat dar negāreš va raveš-e Emām Ali  [Ethics and Politics in the Perspective and Method of Imam Ali]. Journal of Political Science, 23, 42–79. [In Persian]
Alikhani, A.A. (2009b). Edālat va Xošunat-e siyāsi dar Eslām [Justice and Political Violence in Islam]. In A.A. Alikhani, Darāmadi bar nezām-e siyāsi-ye edālat dar Eslām [An Introduction to the Political System of Justice in Islam] (pp.179-206). Tehran, Iran: Institue for Social and Cultural Studies [In Persian]
Alikhani, A.A. (2022). Raveš-e lāye’i dar andiše-pažūhi [The Layered Method in Thought Research]. Tehran, Iran: Našr-e Negāh-e Moʿāser. [In Persian]
Alikhani, A.A. (2024a). Tahaqqoq-e solh-e Irāni-ye Eslāmi; az ideāl tā vāqe‘iat [Realizing Iranian-Islamic Peace: From Ideal to Reality]. In N. Fāzeli (Ed.), Solh-e Irān [Peace in Iran] (pp.227-276). Tehran, Iran: Našr-e Hamrakh. [In Persian]
َAlikhani,A. (2024). The challenges and barriers of interdisciplinary theorizing in Iran. Interdisciplinary Studies in the Humanities, 16(3), 5-28. doi: 10.22035/isih.2024.5302.5024
Alikhani,A. A. (2009). Humanitarian Law in Islam. The Journal of Human Rights, 04(1), 3-18.
Al-Sahār, ʿAbd al-Hamid Judah (n.d.). Abu Dharr al-Ghifari: xodāparast-e sosyālist [Abu Dharr al-Ghifari: The Socialist Devotee of God] (A. Shariʿati, Trans.). n.p.: n.p. [In Arabic]
Al-Sibaʿi, M. (1960). Ištirākiyāt al-Islām [Islamic Socialism]. Damascus, Syria: Dār al-Matbūʿāt. [In Arabic]
Al-Sibaʿi, M. (1998). Al-takāful al-ijtimāʿi fi al-Islām [Social Solidarity in Islam]. Beirut, Lebanon: Dār al-Warrāq. [In Arabic]
Amid Zanjani, A. (2000). Hoqūq-e taʿahhodāt-e beyn-ol-melali va diplomasi dar Eslām [International Obligations and Diplomacy in Islam]. Tehran, Iran: SAMT. [In Persian]
Anvari, H. (n.d.). Ethics in the Shahnameh. Tehran, Iran: Soxan Publications. [In Persian]
Arendt, H. (2013). Xošunat [On violence] (E. Fouladvand, Trans.). Tehran, Iran: Khawrazmi. [In Persian] (Original work published 1970)
Ashouri, D. (2014). Ta'rif-hā va mafhum-e farhang [Definitions and the Concept of Culture]. Tehran, Iran: Našr-e Āgah. [In Persian]
Azizi, T. (2009). Tarsim-e ċarxe-ye ‘edālat dar Šāhnāmeh [Depicting the Cycle of Justice in the Shāhnāmeh]. Journal of Political Science, (45), 143–170. [In Persian]
Bahrani, M. (2011). Mostafā al-Sabāʿi. In A. A. Alikhani & colleagues, Andiše-ye siāsi-ye motafakkerān-e mosalmān [Political thought of Muslim thinkers] (Vol. 15, pp. 257–293). Tehran, Iran: Research Institute for Cultural and Social Studies. [In Persian]
Bashirieh, H. (2000). Nazariyeh-hā-ye farhang dar qarn-e bistom [Theories of culture in the twentieth century]. Tehran, Iran: Āyandeh-Puyān Cultural Institute. [In persian)
Bastani Parizi, E. (2005). Jahānbini-ye Irāni dar ʿasr-e bāstān [The Iranian worldview in ancient times]. Tehran, Iran: Našr-e ʿElm. [In Persian]
Ettahadieh, M. (1982). Peydāyeš va tahavvol-e ahzāb-e siāsi-ye mašrūtiyat (dowre-ye avval va dovvom-e Majles-e Šorā-ye Mellī) [The emergence and evolution of constitutional political parties (The first and second National Consultative Assemblies)]. Tehran, Iran: Našr-e Gostareh. [In Persian]
Eyvazi, M. R. (2006). Jāmeʿe-šenāsi-ye opozision dar Irān [The Sociology of Opposition in Iran]. Tehran, Iran: Našr-e Qomus. [In Persian]
Farasatkhah, M. (2020). Mā Irāniān [We Iranians]. Tehran, Iran: Našr-e Ney. [In Persian]
Furet, F. (2025). Gozašte-ye yek tavhom [The Past is a Mirage] (H. Hashemi Kahandani, Trans.). Tehran, Iran: Ketabestan Bar Khat. [In Persian]
Ghasemi, H. (2021). Marjaʿ-e pažuheš [Research Reference]. Tehran, Iran: Našr-e Andiše-Ārā. [In Persian]
Ghiamati, A. (2024). Peace in the Thought of Ferdowsi. in 5th International Conference on Peace and Conflict Resolution (May 27th-28th), Available at: www.icpcr.ut.ac.ir
Ghiamati, A. (2024, May 27). Solh dar andiše-ye Ferdowsi. In the opening of the 5th International Conference on Peace and Conflict Resolution. Faculty of World Studies, Tehran, Iran.
Gholāmi, M. (2020). Piri-ye farhangi va farhang-e piri [Cultural Aging and the Culture of Aging]. Tehran, Iran: Našr-e Andiše-ye Ehsān. [In Persian]
Ghouchani, M. (2021). Pārādoks-e mārksism-e eslāmi [The Paradox of Islamic Marxism]. Tehran, Iran: Našr-e Sarāei. [In Persian]
Haghighat, S. (2019). Ravš-šenāsi dar olum-e siyāsi [Methodology in political science]. Qom, Iran: Dānešgāh-e Mofid. [In Persian]
Hasan ibn Yusuf Mutahhar al-hilli. (2008). Tahrir al-ahkām al-šarʿiya ʿalā madhab al-Imāmīya [The clarification of legal rulings according to the Imāmī school]. Qom, Iran: Moʾassese-ye Farhangi va Ettelāʿ-resāni-ye Tebyān. [In Persian]
Hassanzade, E. (2015). Mašye čeriki-ye čap dar Irān [The leftist guerrilla approach in Iran]. In M. Maqudi (Ed.), Taavvolāt-e siāsī va ejtemāʿī-ye Irān, 19411978 [Political and social developments in Iran, 19411978] (p. 216). Tehran, Iran: Našr-e Rozaneh. [In Persian]
Homaei, S., Youzbashi, M., & Sadmad, Z. (2024). Philosophy of war and anti-war in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh: A different perspective. Journal of Stylistics of Persian Prose and Poetry, 17(9), 197–228. doi:10.22034/bahareadab.2024.17.7552
hosseini, Z., and Darvishi,N. (2022). A study on the role and position of friendship in Pahlavi advice books. Ancien Culture and Languages, 2(2), 147-178. doi: 10.22034/aclr.2022.255065   [In Persian]
Iman, M.T. (2018). Raveš-šenāsi-ye tahqiqāt-e keyfi [Methodology of qualitative research]. Qom, Iran: awze va Dānešgāh Research Institute. [In Persian]
Jamalzadeh, M. A. (1966). Xolqiyāt-e mā Irāniān [Our traits Iranians]. Tehran, Iran: Bi-nā. [In Persian]
Kāzemiyān, M. (2004). Sosiāl demokrāsi-ye dini: Moammad Nakhšab va xodāparastān-e sosiālist [Religious Social Democracy: Mohammad Nakhshab and the Socialist God-Worshippers]. Tehran, Iran: Našr-e Kavir. [In Persian]
Kellens, J. (1998). Adyān-e Irān-e bāstān [The Religions of Ancient Iran] (Ž. Āmuzegār, Trans.). Tehran, Iran: Našr-e Moʾin. (Original work published 1991) [In Persian]
Khalighi, E., Rouzbehani, S., & Amir Ahmadi, A. (2023). Moral and Social Foundations of Human Rights in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh with an Approach to the Components of Social Justice and Human Dignity. Ethics in Science and Technology, 18(3), 18-24.
Khanifar, H., & Moslemi, N. (2023). Mabāni va fosul-e ravešhā-ye pažuhešhā-ye keyfi [Foundations and chapters of qualitative research methods] (Vol. 2). Tehran, Iran: Negāh-e Dāneš. [In Persian]
Khosravi, K., Khaleghi Motlagh, J., & Imani, A. (2020). Xord va abʿād-e ān dar miyān-fozudhā-ye Šāhnāmeh-ye Ferdowsi [Wisdom and its dimensions in Ferdowsis Shahnameh episodes]. Stylistics of Persian Poetry and Prose, 13(8), 6984. [In Persian]
Kianouri, N. (1993). Khāterāt-e Nūr-al-Din Kianuri [Memoirs of Nūr-al-Din Kianuri]. Tehran, Iran: Enteshārāt-e Ettelāʿāt. [In Persian]
Kooshki, P., Moazzeni, A.M., & Javadi Arjmand, M.J. (2021). Peace and Tolerance in the Thoughts of Rumi and Attar In Comparison with Mulla Sadra’s Pacifist Approach. Journal of History of Literature, 14(2), 161-184. doi: 10.52547/hlit.2022.223733.1066
Kouchakian, T. (2018). Solh-e kol; barāyand-e goft-o-gū-ye manteqi-ye adabiyāt-e jahān dar manteq-e goft-o-gū-ye āfez va Goethe [Universal Peace: The Outcome of Logical Dialogue of World Literature in the Context of Hafez and Goethe’s Dialogue]. Comparative Literature Studies, 12(48), 133153. [In Persian]
Locke, J. (2010). Nāmeʾi darbāre-ye tasāmoh [A Letter Concerning Toleration] (H. Bashirieh, Trans.). Tehran, Iran: Nashr-e Ni. [In Persian]
Mahmoudi, S. (2014). Nowandišān-e Irāni [Iranian Reformists]. Tehran, Iran: Našr-e Ney. [In Persian]
Markaz-e-Pažuhešhā-ye Majles Šorā-ye Eslâmi. (n.d.). Retrieved from   https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/98641 [In Persian]
Marvarid, A. (1990). Selseleh al-Yanābiʿ al-Fiqhiyya [The Series of Jurisprudential Springs]. Beirut, Lebanon: Muʾassese-ye Fiqh al-Shiʿa. [In Persian]
Mehrabadi, M. (2005). Barresi-ye taghyir-e ideʾolozhi-ye Sāzmān-e Mojāhedin-e Khelq [An Analysis of the Ideological Change of the Mojahedin-e Khalq Organization]. Tehran, Iran: Markaz-e Asnād-e Enqelāb-e Eslāmi. [In Persian]
Mehrgān, E. (2021). Masʾale-ye Hezb-e Tude: Taʾamoli dar nesbat-e chap-e Irāni bā qodrat [The Tudeh Party Issue: A Reflection on the Iranian Lefts Relation with Power]. Tehran, Iran: Našr-e Ney. [In Persian]
Mehrgān, E. (2021). Masʾale-ye Hezb-e Tude: Taʾamoli dar nesbat-e chap-e Irāni bā qodrat [The Tudeh Party Issue: A Reflection on the Iranian Left’s Relation with Power]. Tehran, Iran: Našr-e Ney. [In Persian]
Mill, J.S. (2016). Resāle dar bāre-ye āzādi [On Liberty] (J. Sheikh-al-Eslami, Trans.). Tehran, Iran: Enteshārāt-e Elmi Farhangi. [In Persian]
Modarresi-Tabātabāei, H. (1983). Zamin dar fiqh-e Eslāmi [Land in Islamic Jurisprudence]. Tehran, Iran: Daftar-e Našr-e Farhang-e Eslāmi. [In Persian]
Moghadam, V. (1987, Nov/Dec). Socialism or Anti-Imperialism? The Left and Revolution in Iran. New Left Review (166).
Mohaghegh Karaki. (1988). Jāmeʿ al-Maqāid [Comprehensive Goals]. Qom, Iran: Muʾassese-ye Āl-e Bayt. [In Persian]
Mohaghegh-e Karaki & Others (1993). Kharājiyyāt [Kharaji Works]. Qom, Iran: Muʾassese-ye Nashr-e Eslāmi. [In Persian]
Mohammadrza Mohammadi & Rahimi-Zāre, Z. (2023). Andiše-ye solh-e kol dar Divān-e Feyżz Dakani [The Thought of Universal Peace in the Divan of Feyz Dakani]. Journal of Religious Studies, 34, 270–293. [In Persian]
Mohaqqeq Damad, S. M. (2024). Qavāʿed-e fiqh (Vol. 1, J. 1) [Principles of Jurisprudence]. Tehran, Iran: Markaz-e Nashr-e Olūm-e Ensānī. [In Persian]
Mola Ahmadov, M. (2005). Jang va solh dar Šahnāmeh-ye Ferdowsi [War and Peace in Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh]. Tehran, Iran: Našr-e Ruzgār. [In Persian]
Mortezavi, S. Z. (28 January 2023). Mowzeʿ-e Emām Khomeyni dar bāre-ye terorhā-ye goruh-e Fadāʾiyān-e Eslām [Imam Khomeinis Position on the Assassinations by the Fedaiyan-e Islam Group]. IQNA. Retrieved from   https://iqna.ir/00HHG9  [In Persian]
Mosallanezhad, A. (2010). Farhang-e Siasi-ye Irān [Political Culture of Iran]. Tehran, Iran: Enteshārāt-e Farhang-e Sabā. [In Persian]
Najafi, M.H. (1986). Jawāher al-Kalām [Jewels of Speech]. Tehran, Iran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya. [In Persian]
Nakhšab, M. (2001). Majmūʿe-ye Āsār-e Muhammad Nakhšab [Collected Works of Muhammad Nakhšab]. Tehran, Iran: Čāp-xoš. [In Persian]
Niraghi, H. (2020). Jāmeʿe-šenāsi-ye xodemāni [Informal Sociology]. Tehran, Iran: Akhtarān. [In Persian]
Rafizade, M. (2008). Tārix-e tahlili-ye hezb-e Tude dar Irān [Analytical history of the Tudeh Party in Iran]. Tehran, Iran: Akhtarān. [In Persian]
Rezaei Dasht Arzhane, M. (2016). Šokuh-e xerad dar Šāhnāmeh-ye Ferdowsī [The glory of wisdom in Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh]. Tehran, Iran: Enteshārāt-e ʿElmi va Farhangī. [In Persian]
Rezvi, F. (2022). Azādegi va solh-e Kol [Freedom and universal peace]. Tehran, Iran: Khāmush. [In Persian]
Sachedina, A. (2007). Mabāni-ye hamzisti-ye ejtemāʿi dar eslām [The foundations of social coexistence in Islam] (S. Hashemi, Trans.). Qom, Iran: Našr-e Adyān. [In Persian]
Saeidi, A. (2020). Nazariyepadāzān-e mosādere [Theorists of Confiscation]. Tejārat-e Fardā Weekly, 363, 24. News ID: 34686. [In Persian]
Sam Daliri, K., & Shahbazi, B. (2012). Enqelāb; cherā va chegune, bāzkhwāni-ye ideʾolūzhi-ye enqelābi-ye azāb-e chap-e dore-ye Pahlavi [Revolution: Why and how; Revising revolutionary ideology of left parties in the Pahlavi era]. Historical Sociology, 4(1), 123. [In Persian]
Samimi, S., Pashei Fakhri, K., & Adelzadeh, P. (2020). Solh va jang-e Hāfez [Peace and war in āfe]. Tehran, Iran: Našr-e Mowlā ʿAli. [In Persian]
Sariolghalam, M. (2007). Farhang-e sīyāsi-ye Irān [Political culture of Iran]. Tehran, Iran: Pažūheškadeh-ye Motāleʿāt-e Farhangi va Ejtemāʿi. [In Persian]
Sāzmān-e Mojāhedin-e Xalq-e Irān (1974). Mobāreze-ye mosallahāne zorurati tārīxi [Armed struggle: A historical necessity]. Mojahed, 1(4), 5–6. [In Persian]
Schimmel, A. (2006). Abʿād-e ʿerfānī-ye Eslāmi [Dimensions of Islamic Mysticism]. Tehran, Iran: Daftar-e Našr-e Farhang-e Eslāmī. [In Persian]
Shahid Thani (1972). Kašf al‑raybah fi ahkām al‑ghaybah [The Unveiling of Doubt in the Rules of Occultation]. Qom, Iran: Našr-e Mortazavi. [In Persian]
Shahid Thani (1994). Munyat al‑murid fi adab al‑mufīd wa al‑mustafid [The Aspirations of the Seeker in the Etiquette of the Benefactor and the Benefited] (R. Mokhtari, Ed.). Qom, Iran: Maktab‑al‑Iʿlām al‑Islāmī. [In Persian]
Shaltut, M. (n.d.). Solh va jang dar Islām [Peace and war in Islam] (Sh. Rahmani, Trans.). Tehran, Iran: Beʿsat Publications. [In Persian]
Shariati, A. (2022). Tašyi-e Alavi va Tašyi-e Safavi [Alavi Shi‘ism and Safavid Shi‘ism]. Tehran, Iran: Našr-e Sepidehbāvarān. [In Persian]
Sharifi, M., & Hoseyni, A. (2018). Barrasi-ye tatbiqi-ye sol dar andisheh-ye Saʿdī va motafakkerān-e moʿāser-e gharbi [A comparative investigation of peace in Saʿdī’s thought and contemporary Western thinkers]. Research Quarterly of Humanities, 40, 147-165. [In Persian]
Sheykh Tousi (2009). Al‑Mabsūt fī fiqh al‑Imāmīyah [Al-Mabsut in Imāmi Jurisprudence]. Tehran, Iran: Našr-e Maktabah Al-Mortazavīyah li‑Iyāʾ Āthār al‑Jaʿfarīyah. [In Persian]
Sheykh Tousi (2011/2012). Al‑Nihāyah fī mujarrad al‑fiqh wa al‑fatāwā [The Ultimate in Pure Jurisprudence and Fatwas]. Beirut, Lebanon: Dār al‑Kitāb al‑ʿArabi. [In Persian]
Soleymāni, F. (2009). Jelveh-hā-ye solh va bašardūsti dar ashš‘ār-e Molānā, Hāfez va Sa‘di [Manifestations of peace and humanitarianism in the poems of Molana, Hafez, and Saadi]. Emdād va Nejāt, 1(3), 1–16. [In Persian]
Stephan, M., & Sazegara, M. (2009). Iran's Islamic Revolution and Nonviolent Struggle. In M. Stephan, Civilian Jihad: Nonviolent Struggle, Democralization and Governance in the Middle East (pp. 185-204). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
abari M. b. J. (1988). Tārix-e Tabari (Vol. 2) [History of Tabari]. Beirut: Dār al-Maktab al-‘Ālamīyah. [In Persian]
abari, E. (2020). Kajrāheh: Khāterātī az tārīkh-e ezb-e Tudeh [The Wrong Path: Memoirs from the History of the Tudeh Party]. Tehran, Iran: Nashr-e Amīrkabīr. [In Persian]
Tabatabaeifard, S.M. (2021). Ehyāgari-ye dini [Religious Revivalism]. Tehran, Iran: Moʾasseseh-ye Farhangī Honarī Āftāb‑e Xerad. [In Persian]
Tamizal, A. (2020). Solh va dusti az didgāh-e Molānā [Peace and friendship from the viewpoint of Rumi]. Shafāy Del: Qesmat-e Zabān va Adabīyāt-e Fārsī, 3(6), 123-134. doi:10.4/jshd.2021.121845
Tianjin, Mirza A. (2003). Private ownership in Islam. Tehran: Dadgostar Publishing.
Vaisi, M. (2022). Barrasi-ye andiše-ye solh-e Pārsi-ye Haxāmanešiyān bar mabnā-ye ahdāf-e farhang va āmuzš-e olh [An Analysis of Persian Achaemenid Peace Thought Based on the Goals of Peace Culture and Education]. Historical Studies, 13(1), 287–311.   https://doi.org/10.30465/hcs.2022.42997.2695 [In Persian]
Yazdi, E. (2015). Šast sāl saburi va šokuri [Sixty Years of Patience and Perseverance]. Tehran, Iran: Nashr-e Kavir. [In Persian]
Zibakalam, S. (2001). Moqaddame’i bar enqelāb-e Eslāmī [An introduction to the Islamic Revolution]. Tehran, Iran: Našr-e Rozaneh. [In Persian]
Send comment about this article
Enter Name.
Enter a valid email address.
Enter a vaid affiliation.
Enter comments (At leaset 10 words)
CAPTCHA Image
Enter Security Code Correctly.

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript
Available Online from 21 March 2026

  • Receive Date 21 July 2025
  • Revise Date 02 September 2025
  • Accept Date 29 October 2025