Journal of Iranian Cultural Research

Journal of Iranian Cultural Research

The ethics of war and peace among Iranians in Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh

Document Type : Scientific Research Manuscript

Author
Faculty Member, Department of Asian Studies, ECO College of Insurance, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran
10.22035/jicr.2026.3476.3715
Abstract
The concepts of war and peace have long been central to human civilization, shaping political systems, cultural identities, and ethical frameworks across societies. This study examines the cultural and ethical foundations of war and peace in Iranian tradition through an analysis of Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh. Despite being widely recognized as a heroic epic centered on warfare, the Shahnameh presents a complex and nuanced perspective that prioritizes justice, morality, and reconciliation. The primary objective of this research is to identify the cultural elements and mental structures that inform Iranian approaches to conflict and peace, as reflected in the actions and discourse of mythological and historical characters. The study employs the theoretical framework of realism alongside the methodological approach of the Annales School, particularly its emphasis on the analysis of historical mentalities. By examining narrative patterns, character behavior, and ethical prescriptions within the text, the research reconstructs the underlying worldview governing attitudes toward war and peace. The findings indicate that, although war is depicted as an inevitable aspect of political life, it is generally regarded as undesirable and is justified only under specific conditions, such as the defense of justice or resistance against oppression. Moreover, the study reveals that principles resembling modern humanitarian norms—such as the protection of civilians, humane treatment of prisoners, and the preference for diplomacy—are deeply embedded in the narrative. Ultimately, the Shahnameh reflects a form of ethical realism in which power is tempered by moral responsibility, offering valuable insights for contemporary discussions on peacebuilding and intercultural understanding.
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Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript
Available Online from 21 March 2026

  • Receive Date 23 March 2025
  • Revise Date 28 December 2025
  • Accept Date 05 February 2026