Author
Department of Anthropology, University of Tehran
Abstract
The Globalization accelerated the paradoxical processes of modernization by introducing the cultural homogenizations and heterogenizations: construction and deconstruction of local-communitarian identities. This is why we are facing on the one hand, the increasing of local identities and visions and on the other hand, the interference, sometimes in a conflicted way, of the latter forms with the national and global identities. In this context, the Iranian problematic is discussed by an urban anthropological theoretical approach. The main concern in this article is the everyday life styles as the most important means of the cultural identity formation and their self expressions. Social constructed space as Lefebvre put it, and Cultural Studies tradition of everyday life, have been the starting points of this paper aiming to analyze the cultural resistance phenomenon expressed in physical and bodily spaces as well as in social and intercultural relations in domains such as age, ethnics and gender. These identity schemes have been taken as minority situations when they express in a way or other, some sort of cultural or social resistance facing a dominant pattern and by this way the paper try to present some practical and applied solutions to decrease the social tensions.
Keywords
Abrahamian, E. (1982) Iran between Two Revolutions, United States:
Princeton University Press.
Ahmadi, A. (1378 [1999 A.D]) Qomiyat va Qomiyatgerâi: az Afsâneh tâ
Vâqeiyat (persian translation of Ethnicity and Ethnicism in Iran, from Myth
to Reality), Tehran, Naar-e Ney.
Alaedini, P& Razavi, MR. (2005) “Women`s Participation and Employment
in Iran: A Critical Examination”, in Critique: Critical Middle Eastern
Studies, vol. 14, no. 1, spring, pp. 57-74.
Amselle, J.L. (1999 ) Ethnie, in Encyclopédie Universalis: Cd- Rom.
Anzieu, D. (1985) Le Moi-Peau, paris: Dunod.
Appadurai, A. (1990) “Disjuncture and Difference in the Global Cultural
Economy”, in Theory, Culture and Society, no 7: pp. 295-310.
Appadurai, A. (1996) Modernity at Large, Cultural Dimensions of
Globalization, London & Minneapolis: University of Minnesota.
Aaraf, A. (1353 [1974 A.D])” Vi~egihâ-ye Târixi-ye `âhneaini dar Iran”
(Persian translation of Historical Features of Urbanization in Iran), Nameh-ye
Olum-e Ejtemâi, No.4.
Back, L. (1996)” New Ethnicities and Urban Culture, Racismes and
Multiclturalism”, in Young Lives, London: UCL Press.
Balandier, G. (1980) Le Pouvoir sur Scene, Paris: Balland.
Berman, M. (1379 [2000 A.D]) Tajrobeh-ye Modernit-e (Persian Translation
of Experience of Modernity), Translated by Morad Farhad poor, Tehran:
Tarh-e No publication.
Booth, Ph & Jouve, B. (2005) Metropolitan Democracies, Transformations of
the State and urban policy in Canada, France and Great Britain: Ashgate.
Bourdieu, P. (1979) La Distinction, Paris: Minuit.
Bourdieu, P. (1980) Le Sens pratique, paris: Minuit.
Bourdieu, P. (1980) Les Questions de sociologie, Paris: Minuit.
Bourdieu, P. (1993) La Misére du Monde, Paris: Seuil.
Bourdieu, P. (2002) La Domination Masculine, Paris: Seuil.
Camillerri, C. (1998) “Cultures et strategies ou mille manieres de s_adapter”,
in Ruano-Borbalan, op.cit.
Dworkin, D. L. (1998) Cultural Marxism in Post war Britain: History, The
New Left and the origins of the Cultural studies, Durham & London:
Durham University Press.
Eriksen, T.H. (1993) Ethnicity and Nationalism, Anthropological
Perspectives, London: Pluto Press.
Fakouhi, N. (1381 [2002 A.D]) ” `eklgiri-ye Hoviyati va Olgoohâ-ye
Mahalli,Melli va Jahâni ; Motâleh-ye moredi-ye lorestan” (Persian
translation of Identity Forma-tion and Local, National and Global Models, a
Princeton University Press.
Ahmadi, A. (1378 [1999 A.D]) Qomiyat va Qomiyatgerâi: az Afsâneh tâ
Vâqeiyat (persian translation of Ethnicity and Ethnicism in Iran, from Myth
to Reality), Tehran, Naar-e Ney.
Alaedini, P& Razavi, MR. (2005) “Women`s Participation and Employment
in Iran: A Critical Examination”, in Critique: Critical Middle Eastern
Studies, vol. 14, no. 1, spring, pp. 57-74.
Amselle, J.L. (1999 ) Ethnie, in Encyclopédie Universalis: Cd- Rom.
Anzieu, D. (1985) Le Moi-Peau, paris: Dunod.
Appadurai, A. (1990) “Disjuncture and Difference in the Global Cultural
Economy”, in Theory, Culture and Society, no 7: pp. 295-310.
Appadurai, A. (1996) Modernity at Large, Cultural Dimensions of
Globalization, London & Minneapolis: University of Minnesota.
Aaraf, A. (1353 [1974 A.D])” Vi~egihâ-ye Târixi-ye `âhneaini dar Iran”
(Persian translation of Historical Features of Urbanization in Iran), Nameh-ye
Olum-e Ejtemâi, No.4.
Back, L. (1996)” New Ethnicities and Urban Culture, Racismes and
Multiclturalism”, in Young Lives, London: UCL Press.
Balandier, G. (1980) Le Pouvoir sur Scene, Paris: Balland.
Berman, M. (1379 [2000 A.D]) Tajrobeh-ye Modernit-e (Persian Translation
of Experience of Modernity), Translated by Morad Farhad poor, Tehran:
Tarh-e No publication.
Booth, Ph & Jouve, B. (2005) Metropolitan Democracies, Transformations of
the State and urban policy in Canada, France and Great Britain: Ashgate.
Bourdieu, P. (1979) La Distinction, Paris: Minuit.
Bourdieu, P. (1980) Le Sens pratique, paris: Minuit.
Bourdieu, P. (1980) Les Questions de sociologie, Paris: Minuit.
Bourdieu, P. (1993) La Misére du Monde, Paris: Seuil.
Bourdieu, P. (2002) La Domination Masculine, Paris: Seuil.
Camillerri, C. (1998) “Cultures et strategies ou mille manieres de s_adapter”,
in Ruano-Borbalan, op.cit.
Dworkin, D. L. (1998) Cultural Marxism in Post war Britain: History, The
New Left and the origins of the Cultural studies, Durham & London:
Durham University Press.
Eriksen, T.H. (1993) Ethnicity and Nationalism, Anthropological
Perspectives, London: Pluto Press.
Fakouhi, N. (1381 [2002 A.D]) ” `eklgiri-ye Hoviyati va Olgoohâ-ye
Mahalli,Melli va Jahâni ; Motâleh-ye moredi-ye lorestan” (Persian
translation of Identity Forma-tion and Local, National and Global Models, a
Case Study of Lorestan), in Majaleh-ye Jâmeaenâsi-ye Iran, No. 4.
Fakouhi, N. (1384 [2005 A.D]) “?sibaenâsi-ye Farhangi-ye Jamee-ye Mâ
“(Persian translation of Cultural Pathology of our own Society), Nâmeh,
No. 46, pp 43_47.
Fakouhi, N. (1383 [2004 A.D])” Esterâte~i-ye Tose-eh az Xelâel-e
Demokrâsi- ye Farhangi” (Persian translation of Strategy of Development
through Cultural Democracy), in Hamâyea-e Tose-e-ye Farhangi Avâmel
va Mavâne.
Fakouhi, N. (1383 [2004 A.D]) Ensânaenâsi-ye `ahri (Persian translation of
Urban Anthropology), Terhan: Naar-e Ney.
Fakouhi, N .(1385 [2006 A.D]) “Anthropological Study of Associations of
Reli- gious Minorities in Tehran”, Nameh, no.46, pp.43-47.
Fakouhi, N. (1385 [2006 A.D]) Anthropological Study of Associations of
Re- ligious Minorities in Tehran, Tehran University: Research Deputy of
Social
Sciences Faculty.
Fakouhi, N. (1385 [2006 A.D]) Taqviyat-e Axlâq-e `ahrvandi: Râhi Barâ-ye
Demokrâsi-ye Moaârekati (Persian translation of Empowering Ethic of
Citizenship as a way Toward Participative Democracy), Tehran: Hamâyeae
Ensânaenâsi-ye Farhangi.
Foucault, M. (1961) Histoire de la folie a l_age classique, Paris: Plon.
Foucault, M. (1963) Naissance de la clinique,Paris: PUF.
Foucault, M. (1975) Surveiller et punir, naissance de la prison, Paris: PUF.
Gil, F. (1999) Identité_ , in, Encyclopédie Universalis, Cd- Rom.
Goody, J. (1983) The Development of the Family and marriage, Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Grafmeyer, Y. (1996) Ecole de Chicago, in Encyclopedia Universalis,cdrom.
Gramsci, A. (1999) Prison Notebooks, London: ElecBooks.
Habermas, J., (2006) Time of Transition, London: Blackwell Press.
Hall, S.& Jefferson, T. (1993) Resistance Through Rituals, Youth
Subcultures_ in Post-War Britain, London: Routledge.
Hartley, J. (2003) A Short History of Cultural Studies, London: Sage Publications.
Habibi, S. (1380 [2001 A.D]) Az `ahr ta `ahr (Persian translation of From City
to City), Terhan: Tehran University Publication.
Hei-at, J. (1380 [2001 A.D]) Sayri dar Târix-e Zabân va Lahjehâ-ye Torki
(Persian translation of Re-view of Language History and Turkish Accents),
Tehran: Naar-e Pelikân.
Inda, J. & Rosaldo, R. (2002) The Anthropology of Globalization, London:
Blackwell.
Fakouhi, N. (1384 [2005 A.D]) “?sibaenâsi-ye Farhangi-ye Jamee-ye Mâ
“(Persian translation of Cultural Pathology of our own Society), Nâmeh,
No. 46, pp 43_47.
Fakouhi, N. (1383 [2004 A.D])” Esterâte~i-ye Tose-eh az Xelâel-e
Demokrâsi- ye Farhangi” (Persian translation of Strategy of Development
through Cultural Democracy), in Hamâyea-e Tose-e-ye Farhangi Avâmel
va Mavâne.
Fakouhi, N. (1383 [2004 A.D]) Ensânaenâsi-ye `ahri (Persian translation of
Urban Anthropology), Terhan: Naar-e Ney.
Fakouhi, N .(1385 [2006 A.D]) “Anthropological Study of Associations of
Reli- gious Minorities in Tehran”, Nameh, no.46, pp.43-47.
Fakouhi, N. (1385 [2006 A.D]) Anthropological Study of Associations of
Re- ligious Minorities in Tehran, Tehran University: Research Deputy of
Social
Sciences Faculty.
Fakouhi, N. (1385 [2006 A.D]) Taqviyat-e Axlâq-e `ahrvandi: Râhi Barâ-ye
Demokrâsi-ye Moaârekati (Persian translation of Empowering Ethic of
Citizenship as a way Toward Participative Democracy), Tehran: Hamâyeae
Ensânaenâsi-ye Farhangi.
Foucault, M. (1961) Histoire de la folie a l_age classique, Paris: Plon.
Foucault, M. (1963) Naissance de la clinique,Paris: PUF.
Foucault, M. (1975) Surveiller et punir, naissance de la prison, Paris: PUF.
Gil, F. (1999) Identité_ , in, Encyclopédie Universalis, Cd- Rom.
Goody, J. (1983) The Development of the Family and marriage, Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Grafmeyer, Y. (1996) Ecole de Chicago, in Encyclopedia Universalis,cdrom.
Gramsci, A. (1999) Prison Notebooks, London: ElecBooks.
Habermas, J., (2006) Time of Transition, London: Blackwell Press.
Hall, S.& Jefferson, T. (1993) Resistance Through Rituals, Youth
Subcultures_ in Post-War Britain, London: Routledge.
Hartley, J. (2003) A Short History of Cultural Studies, London: Sage Publications.
Habibi, S. (1380 [2001 A.D]) Az `ahr ta `ahr (Persian translation of From City
to City), Terhan: Tehran University Publication.
Hei-at, J. (1380 [2001 A.D]) Sayri dar Târix-e Zabân va Lahjehâ-ye Torki
(Persian translation of Re-view of Language History and Turkish Accents),
Tehran: Naar-e Pelikân.
Inda, J. & Rosaldo, R. (2002) The Anthropology of Globalization, London:
Blackwell.
Jouve, B. (2005) “Metropolitan Democracies, from Great transformation to
Grand Illusion?”, in Booth et al., op. cit., pp. 223-250.
Lechner, F.J., & Boli, J. (eds.). (2000) The Globalization Reader, Oxford:
Blackwell.
Levi-Strauss, Cl. (2000) L_Identité, Paris: PUF.
Lorestani, F.(1382[2003 A.D])” Jonbesh-e Ejtema-ee-e Zanan-e Iran” (Persian
Translation of Social Movements of Iranian Women), in Faslnameh- ye
Pazhoohesh-e Zanan, first period,no.6, summer,pp.23-42.
Maqsoudi, M. (1380 [2001 A.D]) Tahavolât-e Qomi dar Iran (Persian
translation of Ethnic Evolution in Iran), Tehran: the Institute for National
Studies.
Matterlat, A. (1999) “Mondialisation et culture”, in Encyclopédie Universalis,
Cd-Rom.
Mirmohammadi, D. (1383 [2004 A.D]) Goftârhâ-ye Darbâre-ye Hoviyat-e
Melli-ye Iran (Persian Translation of Discourses on National Identity in
Iran), Tehran: the Institute of National Identity.
Mirmohammadi, J. (1384 [ 2005 A.D]) “Zabân-e Kordi az Sonat-e `afâhi tâ
Zabân-e Neveatâri” (Persian translation of Kurdish Language from Verbal
Tradition to Writing Language), Faslnâmeh-ye Zaribâr, no.5&6,pp.41-60.
Moren, A. (1382[2003 A.D]) Hoviyat-e Ensâni va Ensâniyat-e Ensân; Tavea-e
Panj (Persian Translation of Human Identity, Humanity of Humanity, fifth
method), Translated by Amir Nikpey va Fâeze Mohammadi, Tehran: Qasidehsarâ
Publication.
Mucchielli, A. (1999) L_Identite, Paris: PUF.
Nafisi, H .(1382 [2003A.D]) Sâxt-e `odan-e Farhanghâ-ye Dar Tabeed,
Kânâl- hâ-ye Telvizioni-ye Irani dar Los Angles (Persian Translation of
Forma- tion of Exiled Cultures, Iranian TV Channels in LA), Tehran:
Moasese-ye Farhangi-ye ?yandepooyân-e Tehran.
Ragin, Ch. C. (2000) Fuzzy-Set Social Sciences, Chicago: Chicago University
Press.
Raulin, A. (2000) Anthropologie Urbaine, Paris: A.Colin.
Ritzer, G. (1998) The Mcdonaldization Thesis, London & New York: Sage
Publications.
Ritzer, G. (2004 a) The Gobalization of Nothing, London & New York: Forge
Press.
Ritzer, G. (2004 b)The Mcdonaldization of Society, London & New York:
Forge Press.
Ruano- Borbalan, J.C. (Coord.) (1998)_Identite, l_individu, le groupe, la
soci- ete, paris: Editions Sciences Humaines.
Safiri, Kh & Mohammadi,A. (1384 [2005 A.D]) “Hoviyat-e Jensiyati-ye
Mâdarân va Doxtarân” (Persian translation of Gender Identity of Mothers
Grand Illusion?”, in Booth et al., op. cit., pp. 223-250.
Lechner, F.J., & Boli, J. (eds.). (2000) The Globalization Reader, Oxford:
Blackwell.
Levi-Strauss, Cl. (2000) L_Identité, Paris: PUF.
Lorestani, F.(1382[2003 A.D])” Jonbesh-e Ejtema-ee-e Zanan-e Iran” (Persian
Translation of Social Movements of Iranian Women), in Faslnameh- ye
Pazhoohesh-e Zanan, first period,no.6, summer,pp.23-42.
Maqsoudi, M. (1380 [2001 A.D]) Tahavolât-e Qomi dar Iran (Persian
translation of Ethnic Evolution in Iran), Tehran: the Institute for National
Studies.
Matterlat, A. (1999) “Mondialisation et culture”, in Encyclopédie Universalis,
Cd-Rom.
Mirmohammadi, D. (1383 [2004 A.D]) Goftârhâ-ye Darbâre-ye Hoviyat-e
Melli-ye Iran (Persian Translation of Discourses on National Identity in
Iran), Tehran: the Institute of National Identity.
Mirmohammadi, J. (1384 [ 2005 A.D]) “Zabân-e Kordi az Sonat-e `afâhi tâ
Zabân-e Neveatâri” (Persian translation of Kurdish Language from Verbal
Tradition to Writing Language), Faslnâmeh-ye Zaribâr, no.5&6,pp.41-60.
Moren, A. (1382[2003 A.D]) Hoviyat-e Ensâni va Ensâniyat-e Ensân; Tavea-e
Panj (Persian Translation of Human Identity, Humanity of Humanity, fifth
method), Translated by Amir Nikpey va Fâeze Mohammadi, Tehran: Qasidehsarâ
Publication.
Mucchielli, A. (1999) L_Identite, Paris: PUF.
Nafisi, H .(1382 [2003A.D]) Sâxt-e `odan-e Farhanghâ-ye Dar Tabeed,
Kânâl- hâ-ye Telvizioni-ye Irani dar Los Angles (Persian Translation of
Forma- tion of Exiled Cultures, Iranian TV Channels in LA), Tehran:
Moasese-ye Farhangi-ye ?yandepooyân-e Tehran.
Ragin, Ch. C. (2000) Fuzzy-Set Social Sciences, Chicago: Chicago University
Press.
Raulin, A. (2000) Anthropologie Urbaine, Paris: A.Colin.
Ritzer, G. (1998) The Mcdonaldization Thesis, London & New York: Sage
Publications.
Ritzer, G. (2004 a) The Gobalization of Nothing, London & New York: Forge
Press.
Ritzer, G. (2004 b)The Mcdonaldization of Society, London & New York:
Forge Press.
Ruano- Borbalan, J.C. (Coord.) (1998)_Identite, l_individu, le groupe, la
soci- ete, paris: Editions Sciences Humaines.
Safiri, Kh & Mohammadi,A. (1384 [2005 A.D]) “Hoviyat-e Jensiyati-ye
Mâdarân va Doxtarân” (Persian translation of Gender Identity of Mothers
and Daughters), in Majalleh-ye Olum-e Ejtemâi, Second Period, No.1,
spring.
Scherrer, Ch.P. (2003) Ethnicity, Nationalism and Violence, in Canada,
London & Newyok: Ashgate.
Schnapper, D. (1996) ”Integration et exclusion dans les societies”, in Paugam,
S., 1996. L_Exclusion, l_etat des saviors, Paris: La découverte.
Segalen, M. (1986) Historical Anthropology of the Family, Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Shaditalab, J. (1382 [2002 A.D]) “Tose-eh va _âleahâ-ye Zanân-e Iran”
(Persian translation of Develo ment and Challenges of Iranian Women),
Faslnâmeh-ye Motâleât-e Javanân, Vol 2.
Soltânzadeh, H. (1365 [1986 A.D]) Moqadamei Bar `ahr va `ahrneaini
(Persian translation of An Introduction on Urban and Urbanization),
Tehran: Naar-e ?bi.
Soltânzadeh, H. (1366 [1987 A.D]) “Masâel-e Jâmeaenâxti-ye Ejtemâât-e
Roostâi dar Iran” (Persian translation of Sociological Issues of Rural
Communities in Iran), In Barrasi-ye Masâele Ejtemâi-ye Iran, Tehran:
Payâm-e Noor Publication.
Soltânzâdeh, H. (1366 [ 1987 A.D]) `ahr va `arneaini Dar Iran (Persian
translation of City and Ur-banization in Iran), Tehran: Naar-e ?bi.
Tylor, A.Ch., (2002 ) “Ethnie”, in, Bonte, P., Izard, M., Dictionnaire de
l_ethnologie et de l_anthropologie, Paris: PUF.
Van Broein Sen, M .(1379 [2000 A.D]) Jâmeaenâsi-ye Mardom-e Kord
(Persian Translation of Sociology of Kurdish People)Translated by
Ebrâhim Yunesii,Tehran: Pâniz Publication.
Wacquant, L. (2006) Parias urains, ghettos, banlieues, Etat, Paris: La Découverte.
Wainwright, H. (2003) Reclaim the State, experiments in popular democracy,
UK: Verso.
Zâhedi-e Mâzandarâni, M.J. (1384 [2004 A.D]) “Masâel-e Jâmeaenâxti-ye
Ejtemâât-e Roostâi dar Iran” (Persian translation of Sociological Issues
of Rural Communities in Iran), in Barrasi-ye Masâele Ejtemâi-ye Iran,
Gorooh-e Moallefân,Tehran: Payâm-e Noor Publication.
spring.
Scherrer, Ch.P. (2003) Ethnicity, Nationalism and Violence, in Canada,
London & Newyok: Ashgate.
Schnapper, D. (1996) ”Integration et exclusion dans les societies”, in Paugam,
S., 1996. L_Exclusion, l_etat des saviors, Paris: La découverte.
Segalen, M. (1986) Historical Anthropology of the Family, Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Shaditalab, J. (1382 [2002 A.D]) “Tose-eh va _âleahâ-ye Zanân-e Iran”
(Persian translation of Develo ment and Challenges of Iranian Women),
Faslnâmeh-ye Motâleât-e Javanân, Vol 2.
Soltânzadeh, H. (1365 [1986 A.D]) Moqadamei Bar `ahr va `ahrneaini
(Persian translation of An Introduction on Urban and Urbanization),
Tehran: Naar-e ?bi.
Soltânzadeh, H. (1366 [1987 A.D]) “Masâel-e Jâmeaenâxti-ye Ejtemâât-e
Roostâi dar Iran” (Persian translation of Sociological Issues of Rural
Communities in Iran), In Barrasi-ye Masâele Ejtemâi-ye Iran, Tehran:
Payâm-e Noor Publication.
Soltânzâdeh, H. (1366 [ 1987 A.D]) `ahr va `arneaini Dar Iran (Persian
translation of City and Ur-banization in Iran), Tehran: Naar-e ?bi.
Tylor, A.Ch., (2002 ) “Ethnie”, in, Bonte, P., Izard, M., Dictionnaire de
l_ethnologie et de l_anthropologie, Paris: PUF.
Van Broein Sen, M .(1379 [2000 A.D]) Jâmeaenâsi-ye Mardom-e Kord
(Persian Translation of Sociology of Kurdish People)Translated by
Ebrâhim Yunesii,Tehran: Pâniz Publication.
Wacquant, L. (2006) Parias urains, ghettos, banlieues, Etat, Paris: La Découverte.
Wainwright, H. (2003) Reclaim the State, experiments in popular democracy,
UK: Verso.
Zâhedi-e Mâzandarâni, M.J. (1384 [2004 A.D]) “Masâel-e Jâmeaenâxti-ye
Ejtemâât-e Roostâi dar Iran” (Persian translation of Sociological Issues
of Rural Communities in Iran), in Barrasi-ye Masâele Ejtemâi-ye Iran,
Gorooh-e Moallefân,Tehran: Payâm-e Noor Publication.
)
Send comment about this article