Authors
1 Associate Professor of Communications, University of Tehran
2 PhD Candidate of Indonesian Studies, University of New South Wales
Abstract
This article aimed to investigate the intercultural sensitivities between Sunnite Turkmen groups and Shiite groups in Golestan province of Iran through considering the most important factors influenced it. The intercultural development inventory (IDI), which designed according to Milton Bennet's the intercultural sensitivities theory, was utilised to examine the intercultural sensitivities between those Muslim groups. The intercultural sensitivities theory essentially states that the more communication among people leads them to have the less intercultural sensitivities. In other words, the development of communications among people causes to diminish their intercultural sensitivities. In this study, both virtual and actual measurement domains were used in order to measure the communications development of two groups. The development of virtual communications was measured according people's interactivity with different types of media, especially Satellite and Internet, whereas the actual one was measured based on three cities varying according to different religious distribution. Finally this article concluded that the development of virtual and actual communications led to decreasing intercultural sensitivities among people in this area.
Keywords
Âmeli, S. (1380 [2001 A.D] “Taâmole Jahâni Šodanhâ, Shahrvandi Va Din” (Persian
Translation of Globalizations` Interactions, Citizenship and Religion), in Nâme-h
Olum-e Ejtemâi, Vol. 2 (18): 176-200.
______ (1383 [2004 A.D]) “Jahâni Šodanhâ: Mafâhim va Nazariyehâ” (Persian Translation
of Globalizations: Theories and Concepts), in Faslnâme-h Organon, Vol.
10(24): 0-58.
_______ (1383 [2004 A.D]) “Do Fazâi Šodan-e Šahr: Šahr-e Majâzi, Zarorat-e Bonyâdin
Barâ-ye Kalân Šahrhâ-ye Iran” (Persian Translation of Duality of City Space:
Virtual City as a Necessity for the Metropolis), in Faslnâme-h Farhang va Ertebâtât,
Vol.1 (2, 3): 117-134.
_______ (1383 [2004 A.D]) “Jahâni Šodanhâ: Mafâhim va Nazariyehâ” (Persian
Translation of Globalizations: Theories and Concepts), in Faslnâme-h Organon,
Vol. 10(24): 0-58.
_______( 1383 [ 2004 A.D]) “Do Jahâni Šodanhâ va Âyande Hoviyathâye
Hamzamân”, available in http://ameli-saied.com/farsi/index.
php?op=articles&co=view&ARID=2
______ (2007) “Intercultural Approach to Americanism and Anti-Americanism: British
Muslim Impressions of American Before and After 11 September”, in An International
Journal of Comparative American Studies, Vol. 5(1): 39-64.
Ameli, S. & Marandi, M., Ahmed, S., Kara, S. & Mirali, A. (2007) The British Media and
Muslim Representation: The Ideology of Demonization and the Media, London: IHRC.
Ameli, S. & Merali, A. (2006a) Hijab, Meaning, Identity, Otherization and Politics:
British Muslim Women, London: IHRC Press.
_________ (2004a) Dual Citizenship: British, Islamic or Both: Obligation, Recognition,
Respect and Belonging, London: IHRC Press.
Ameli, S., Azam, A. & Mirali, A. (2005) Secular or Islamic? What Schools do British
Muslims want for their children?, London: IHRC Press. .
Ameli, S., Elahi, M. & Merali, A. (2004b) Social Discrimination: Across the Muslim
Divide, London: IHRC Press.
Ameli, S., Faridi, B., Lindahl, K. & Merali, A. (2006b) Law & British Muslims: Domination
of the Majority or Process of Balance?, London: IHRC Press.
Anderson, H.P., Lawton, L., Rexeisen, J.R. & Hubbard, .C.A. (2005) “Short-term Study
Abroad and Intercultural Sensitivity: A Pilot Study”, in International Journal of
Intercultural Relations, Vol. 30(4): 457-469.
Translation of Globalizations` Interactions, Citizenship and Religion), in Nâme-h
Olum-e Ejtemâi, Vol. 2 (18): 176-200.
______ (1383 [2004 A.D]) “Jahâni Šodanhâ: Mafâhim va Nazariyehâ” (Persian Translation
of Globalizations: Theories and Concepts), in Faslnâme-h Organon, Vol.
10(24): 0-58.
_______ (1383 [2004 A.D]) “Do Fazâi Šodan-e Šahr: Šahr-e Majâzi, Zarorat-e Bonyâdin
Barâ-ye Kalân Šahrhâ-ye Iran” (Persian Translation of Duality of City Space:
Virtual City as a Necessity for the Metropolis), in Faslnâme-h Farhang va Ertebâtât,
Vol.1 (2, 3): 117-134.
_______ (1383 [2004 A.D]) “Jahâni Šodanhâ: Mafâhim va Nazariyehâ” (Persian
Translation of Globalizations: Theories and Concepts), in Faslnâme-h Organon,
Vol. 10(24): 0-58.
_______( 1383 [ 2004 A.D]) “Do Jahâni Šodanhâ va Âyande Hoviyathâye
Hamzamân”, available in http://ameli-saied.com/farsi/index.
php?op=articles&co=view&ARID=2
______ (2007) “Intercultural Approach to Americanism and Anti-Americanism: British
Muslim Impressions of American Before and After 11 September”, in An International
Journal of Comparative American Studies, Vol. 5(1): 39-64.
Ameli, S. & Marandi, M., Ahmed, S., Kara, S. & Mirali, A. (2007) The British Media and
Muslim Representation: The Ideology of Demonization and the Media, London: IHRC.
Ameli, S. & Merali, A. (2006a) Hijab, Meaning, Identity, Otherization and Politics:
British Muslim Women, London: IHRC Press.
_________ (2004a) Dual Citizenship: British, Islamic or Both: Obligation, Recognition,
Respect and Belonging, London: IHRC Press.
Ameli, S., Azam, A. & Mirali, A. (2005) Secular or Islamic? What Schools do British
Muslims want for their children?, London: IHRC Press. .
Ameli, S., Elahi, M. & Merali, A. (2004b) Social Discrimination: Across the Muslim
Divide, London: IHRC Press.
Ameli, S., Faridi, B., Lindahl, K. & Merali, A. (2006b) Law & British Muslims: Domination
of the Majority or Process of Balance?, London: IHRC Press.
Anderson, H.P., Lawton, L., Rexeisen, J.R. & Hubbard, .C.A. (2005) “Short-term Study
Abroad and Intercultural Sensitivity: A Pilot Study”, in International Journal of
Intercultural Relations, Vol. 30(4): 457-469.
Babbie, E. (1381 [2002 A.D]) Ravešhâ-ye Tahqiq dar Olum-e Ejtemâi (Persian Translation
of Research Methods in Social Sciences), Translated by Reza Fâzel, Tehran:
Samt.
Fuller, T. (2007) “Study Abroad Experiences and Intercultural Sensitivity among
Graduate Theological Students: a Preliminary and Exploratory Investigation”, in
Christian Higher Education, Vol.6 (-): 321- 322.
Golmohammadi, A. (1381 [2002]) Jahâni Šodan, Farhang, Hoviyat (Persian Translation
of Globalization, Culture, Identity), Tehran: Našr-e Nay.
Greenholtz, J. (2000) “Assessing Cross-cultural Competence in Transnational
Education: The Intercultural Development Inventory”, in Higher Education in
Europe, Vol. 25(3): 411-416.
Hammer, M.R., Bennett, M.J. & Wiseman, R. (2003) “Measuring Intercultural Sensitivity:
The Intercultural Development Inventory”, in International Journal of Intercultural
Relations, Vol. 27(-): 421–443.
Kim, M.S. & Hubbard, E. (2007) “Intercultural Communication in the Global Village:
How to Understand ‘‘The Other”, in Journal of Intercultural Communication Research,
Vol. 36(3): 223–235.
Klak, T. & Martin, P. (2003). “Do University-sponsored International Cultural Events
Help Students to Appreciate “Difference”?”, in International Journal of Intercultural
Relations, Vol. 27(4): 445-465.
Leilani, E., Bock, T. and Narveaz, D. (2003) “Moral Reasoning, Intercultural Development
and Multicultural Experiences: Relations and Cognitive Underpinning”, in
International Journal of Intercultural Relations, Vol.27 (-): 403–419.
Matsi, S.A. (2005) “Globalization and Heterogenization: Cultural and Civilizational
Clustering in Tele-communicative Space (1989–1999)”, paper presented at annual
meeting of the International Communication Association, New Orleans Sheraton,
New Orleans, LA, 2009-05-26.
Moâvenat-e Barnâme-h Rizi-ye Ostândâri-ye Golestân (1386 [2007 A.D]) Gozâreš-e
Eqtesâdi, Ejtemâi va Farhangi-ye Ostân-e Golestân dar Sâl-e 1385 (Persian Translation
of Economic, Social and Cultural Report of Golestan Province in 1385), Daftar-
e Barnâme-h Rizi va Bodje-h Ostândâri-ye Golestân.
Paige, M. (et. al) (2003) “Assessing Intercultural Sensitivity: an Empirical Analysis of
the Hammer and Bennett Intercultural Development Inventory”, in International
Journal of Intercultural Relations, Vol. 27(-): 467–486.
Redmond, V. & Bunyi, M. (1993) “The Relationship of Intercultural Communication
Competence with Stress and the Handling of Stress as Reported by International
of Research Methods in Social Sciences), Translated by Reza Fâzel, Tehran:
Samt.
Fuller, T. (2007) “Study Abroad Experiences and Intercultural Sensitivity among
Graduate Theological Students: a Preliminary and Exploratory Investigation”, in
Christian Higher Education, Vol.6 (-): 321- 322.
Golmohammadi, A. (1381 [2002]) Jahâni Šodan, Farhang, Hoviyat (Persian Translation
of Globalization, Culture, Identity), Tehran: Našr-e Nay.
Greenholtz, J. (2000) “Assessing Cross-cultural Competence in Transnational
Education: The Intercultural Development Inventory”, in Higher Education in
Europe, Vol. 25(3): 411-416.
Hammer, M.R., Bennett, M.J. & Wiseman, R. (2003) “Measuring Intercultural Sensitivity:
The Intercultural Development Inventory”, in International Journal of Intercultural
Relations, Vol. 27(-): 421–443.
Kim, M.S. & Hubbard, E. (2007) “Intercultural Communication in the Global Village:
How to Understand ‘‘The Other”, in Journal of Intercultural Communication Research,
Vol. 36(3): 223–235.
Klak, T. & Martin, P. (2003). “Do University-sponsored International Cultural Events
Help Students to Appreciate “Difference”?”, in International Journal of Intercultural
Relations, Vol. 27(4): 445-465.
Leilani, E., Bock, T. and Narveaz, D. (2003) “Moral Reasoning, Intercultural Development
and Multicultural Experiences: Relations and Cognitive Underpinning”, in
International Journal of Intercultural Relations, Vol.27 (-): 403–419.
Matsi, S.A. (2005) “Globalization and Heterogenization: Cultural and Civilizational
Clustering in Tele-communicative Space (1989–1999)”, paper presented at annual
meeting of the International Communication Association, New Orleans Sheraton,
New Orleans, LA, 2009-05-26.
Moâvenat-e Barnâme-h Rizi-ye Ostândâri-ye Golestân (1386 [2007 A.D]) Gozâreš-e
Eqtesâdi, Ejtemâi va Farhangi-ye Ostân-e Golestân dar Sâl-e 1385 (Persian Translation
of Economic, Social and Cultural Report of Golestan Province in 1385), Daftar-
e Barnâme-h Rizi va Bodje-h Ostândâri-ye Golestân.
Paige, M. (et. al) (2003) “Assessing Intercultural Sensitivity: an Empirical Analysis of
the Hammer and Bennett Intercultural Development Inventory”, in International
Journal of Intercultural Relations, Vol. 27(-): 467–486.
Redmond, V. & Bunyi, M. (1993) “The Relationship of Intercultural Communication
Competence with Stress and the Handling of Stress as Reported by International
Students”, in International Journal of Intercultural Relations, Vol. 17( 2): 235-
254.
Robertson, R. (1380 [2001 A.D]) Jahâni Šodan: Nazariyehâ-ye Ejtemâi va Farhang-e
Jahâni (Persian Translation of Globalization: Social theories and Global Culture),
Translated by Kamâl Polad Tehran: Sâles.
Saeidi, R. & Kiâ, A. (1385 [2006 A.D]) Naqš-e Jahâni Šodan va Rasânehâ dar Hoviyat-
e Farhangi (Persian Translation of The Role of Media and Globalization in
Cultural Identity), Tehran: Xojaste-h.
Samoar, L., Porter, R. & Stephanie, L. (1379 [2000 A.D]) Ertebât-e Bayn-e Farhanghâ
(Persian Translation of Intercultural Communications), Translated by Seyyed Reza
Kiâni and Akbar Mir Hosseini, Tehran: Našr-e Bšz.
Teal, R. & Street, L. (2009) “Critical Elements of Culturally Competent Communication
in the Medical Encounter: A Review and Model”, in Social Science & Medicine,
Vol. 68(3): 533-543.
Tomlinson, J. (1381 [2002 A.D]) Jahâni Šodan va Farhang (Persian Translation
of Globalization and Culture), Translated by Mohsen Hakimi, Tehran: Daftar-e
Pažohešhâ-ye Farhangi.
Westrick, J. & Yuen, Y.M. (2007) “The Intercultural Sensitivity of Secondary Teachers
in Hong Kong: a Comparative Study with Implications for Professional Development”,
in Intercultural Education, Vol. 18(2): 129–141.
Yâqoti, H. (1379 [2000 A.D]) Moqadamei bar Fâsele-h Ejtemâi-ye Torkamanhâ (Persian
Translation of An Introduction to Social Distance of Turkmens), Tehran: Hâj
Talâei.
Yon, K. (2008) “Intercultural Personhood: Globalization and a Way of Being”, in
International Journal of Intercultural Relations, Vol.32 (4): 359-368.
ببی، ا. (1381). روشهای تحقیق در علوم اجتماعی، ترجمه رضا فاضل، جلد دوم، تهران: سمت. تامیلنسون، ج. (1381). جهانیشدن و فرهنگ. رابرتسون، ر. (1380). جهانیشدن: تئوریهای اجتماعی و فرهنگ جهانی، ترجمه کمال پولادی، تهران: ثالث.. ساموار، ل. ریچارد ای پورتر و استفانی، ل. (1379). ارتباط بین فرهنگها، ترجمه غلامرضا کیانی و سید اکبر میرحسینی، تهران: نشر باز.. سعیدی، ر. و کیا، ع (1385). نقش جهانیشدن و رسانهها در هویت فرهنگی، تهران: خجسته.. عاملی، س. (1383). « جهانیشدنها: مفاهیم و نظریهها». ارغنون،. 10 (24), 0-58 عاملی، س. (1384). «دوفضاییشدن شهر: شهر مجازی ضرورت بنیادین برای کلانشهرهای ایران». فصلنامه انجمن فرهنگ و ارتباطات. 2 (3و2), 117-134 عاملی، س. (1380). «تعامل جهانیشدن، شهروندی و دین»،. نامه علوم اجتماعی. 2 (18), 176-200 عاملی، س. «دو جهانی شدنها و آینده هویتهای همزمان». گلمحمدی، ا. (1381). جهانیشدن، فرهنگ، هویت، تهران: نشر نی.. گزارش اقتصادی، اجتماعی و فرهنگی استان گلستان در سال 1385 (1386). استانداری گلستان، معاونت برنامهریزی، دفتر برنامهریزی و بودجه.. استانداری گلستان، معاونت برنامهریزی، دفتر برنامهریزی و بودجه. (86). گزارش اقتصادی، اجتماعی و فرهنگی استان گلستان در سال 1385. یاقوتی، ح. (1379). مقدمهای بر فاصله اجتماعی ترکمنها و غیرترکمنها، تهران: حاجطلایی.. Ameli, S. (2007). “Intercultural Approach to Americanism and Anti-Americanism: British Muslim Impressions of American Before and After 11 September”. International Journal of Comparative American Studies. 5 (1), 39-64
Ameli, S. & Merali, A. (2004). Dual Citizenship: British, Islamic or Both: Obligation, Recognition, Respect and Belonging, London: IHRC Press..
Ameli, S. , Elahi, M. & Merali, A. (2004). Social Discrimination: Across the Muslim Divide, London: IHRC Press..
Ameli, S., Azam, A. & Mirali, A. (2005). Secular or Islamic? What Schools do British Muslims want for their children?, London: IHRC Press..
Ameli, S. & Merali, A. (2006). Hijab, Meaning, Identity, Otherization and Politics: British Muslim Women, London: IHRC Press..
Ameli, S., Faridi, B., Lindahl, K. & Merali, A. (2006). Law & British Muslims: Domination of the Majority or Process of Balance?, London: IHRC Press..
Ameli, S. & Marandi, S. M., Ahmed, S., Kara, S. & Mirali, A. (2007). The British Media and Muslim Representation: The Ideology of Demonization and the Media, London: IHRC..
Anderson, H., Lawton, L., Rexeisen, J. & Hubbard, .C.A. “Short-term Study Abroad and Intercultural Sensitivity: A Pilot Study”. International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 30 (4), 457-469
Fuller, T. (2007). “Study Abroad Experiences and Intercultural Sensitivity among Graduate Theological Students: a Preliminary and Exploratory Investigation”,. Christian Higher Education. 6, 321-322
Greenholtz, J. (2000). “Assessing Cross-cultural Competence in Transnational Education: The Intercultural Development Inventory”,. Higher Education in Europe. 25 (3), 411-416
Hammer, M.R., Bennett, M.J. & Wiseman, R. (2003). “Measuring intercultural sensitivity: The intercultural development inventory”. International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 27, 421-443
1Kim, M.S. & Hubbard, E. (2007). “Intercultural Communication in the Global Village: How to Understand ‘‘The Other”,. Journal of Intercultural Communication Research. 36 (3), 223-235
1Klak, T. & Martin, P. (2003). “Do University-sponsored International Cultural Events Help Students to Appreciate “Difference”?. International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 27 (4), 445-465
Leilani, E., Bock, T. & Narveaz, D. (2003). “Moral Reasoning, Intercultural Development and Multicultural Experiences: Relations and Cognitive Underpinning”. International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 27, 403-419
Matsi, S. (2005). “Globalization and Heterogenization:Cultural and Civilizational Clustering in Telecommunicative Space (1989–1999)”. International Communication Association.
Paige, M. (et. al) (2003). “Assessing Intercultural Sensitivity: an Empirical Analysis of the Hammer and Bennett Intercultural Development Inventory”. International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 27, 467-486
Redmond, V. & Bunyi, M. (1993). “The Relationship of Intercultural Communication Competence with Stress and the Handling of Stress as Reported by International Students”. International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 17 (2), 235-254
Teal, R. & Street, L. (2007). “Critical Elements of Culturally Competent Communication in the Medical Encounter: A Review and Model”. Social Science & Medicine. 68 (3), 129-141
Westrick, J. & Yuen, Y. (2007). “The Intercultural Sensitivity of Secondary Teachers in Hong Kong: a Comparative Study with Implications for Professional Development”. Intercultural Education. 18 (2), 129-141
Yon, K. (2008). “Intercultural Personhood: Globalization and a Way of Being”. International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 32 (4), 359-368
254.
Robertson, R. (1380 [2001 A.D]) Jahâni Šodan: Nazariyehâ-ye Ejtemâi va Farhang-e
Jahâni (Persian Translation of Globalization: Social theories and Global Culture),
Translated by Kamâl Polad Tehran: Sâles.
Saeidi, R. & Kiâ, A. (1385 [2006 A.D]) Naqš-e Jahâni Šodan va Rasânehâ dar Hoviyat-
e Farhangi (Persian Translation of The Role of Media and Globalization in
Cultural Identity), Tehran: Xojaste-h.
Samoar, L., Porter, R. & Stephanie, L. (1379 [2000 A.D]) Ertebât-e Bayn-e Farhanghâ
(Persian Translation of Intercultural Communications), Translated by Seyyed Reza
Kiâni and Akbar Mir Hosseini, Tehran: Našr-e Bšz.
Teal, R. & Street, L. (2009) “Critical Elements of Culturally Competent Communication
in the Medical Encounter: A Review and Model”, in Social Science & Medicine,
Vol. 68(3): 533-543.
Tomlinson, J. (1381 [2002 A.D]) Jahâni Šodan va Farhang (Persian Translation
of Globalization and Culture), Translated by Mohsen Hakimi, Tehran: Daftar-e
Pažohešhâ-ye Farhangi.
Westrick, J. & Yuen, Y.M. (2007) “The Intercultural Sensitivity of Secondary Teachers
in Hong Kong: a Comparative Study with Implications for Professional Development”,
in Intercultural Education, Vol. 18(2): 129–141.
Yâqoti, H. (1379 [2000 A.D]) Moqadamei bar Fâsele-h Ejtemâi-ye Torkamanhâ (Persian
Translation of An Introduction to Social Distance of Turkmens), Tehran: Hâj
Talâei.
Yon, K. (2008) “Intercultural Personhood: Globalization and a Way of Being”, in
International Journal of Intercultural Relations, Vol.32 (4): 359-368.
)
Send comment about this article