Sociology
K. Keshavarz
Abstract
Students play a vital role in determining the future of their country, and in the case of Iran, their mental state with regard to hope and despair in planning their future has an impact on the Iranian society. For years, hope and concern about the future and the feeling of futureless Iranian society ...
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Students play a vital role in determining the future of their country, and in the case of Iran, their mental state with regard to hope and despair in planning their future has an impact on the Iranian society. For years, hope and concern about the future and the feeling of futureless Iranian society are the issues that have attracted thinkers, politicians and social activists. This article tries how to focus on the formation of hopeful or hopeless mindset of students in the prevailing constitutions in contemporary Iran. The research is qualitative in nature where interviews have been conducted with 26 female and male students from public universities in Tehran using a semi-structured questionnaire. The thematic analysis method was used for the acquired data. In this article, Ghassan Hage, a Lebanese-Australian anthropologist's conceptualization of societies as "mechanisms of production and distribution of hope" is used. The findings show that collective hope an important part is absent among research participants; they, due to the existence of systematic discrimination, are excluded from the circle of production and distribution of hope. One of the consequences of social despair among the research participants is their desire to migrate outside of Iran. Since the economic, political and social obstructions fuel the spread of social despair among the participants, the recognition of social movements and the openness of governing institutions to the economic, social and political demands of the people and efforts to fulfill these demands can help spread social hope in the community. The results of this research can deepen our view on the issue of hope among all sections of the society.
Sociology
H. Emadi; S.A. Afshani; H. Eslami
Abstract
This study employs grounded theory (GT) to qualitatively explore preconditions for good governance in social media with an emphasis on accountability. The study sample consists of 20 media activists and social media managers who were selected using a theoretical or purposive sampling strategy. The data ...
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This study employs grounded theory (GT) to qualitatively explore preconditions for good governance in social media with an emphasis on accountability. The study sample consists of 20 media activists and social media managers who were selected using a theoretical or purposive sampling strategy. The data were collected through in-depth interviews with participants. The data collection process continued until saturation, i.e., no new pieces of information could add to the final model. The data were analyzed using open, axial, and selective coding, and then a paradigm model and a theoretical schema were developed based on the 15 main themes and the final theme extracted. The results indicated that the “tamed power of sovereignty” is the fruit of a set of factors such as accountability soft punch, reverse control and monitoring, popular network activism, and networked pressure groups, influenced by a set of contextual and intervening factors. What can cause public trust and social solidarity as the ultimate goal is the adoption of strategies such as normalization of accountability, good pragmatism, the networked activity of governing bodies, and institutional accountability of the government and then moving towards the establishment of an online accountability system. The theoretical schema and paradigm model proposed in this study can interpret the results more accurately.
Sociology
S. Salehi; P. Shateri
Abstract
Environmental issues caused by profit-making behavior of humans with nature on the one hand, and the need to carry out climate change adaptation programs on the other hand, as well as the inability of the governmental executive bodies to fully implement the programs, make it important for the broad participation ...
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Environmental issues caused by profit-making behavior of humans with nature on the one hand, and the need to carry out climate change adaptation programs on the other hand, as well as the inability of the governmental executive bodies to fully implement the programs, make it important for the broad participation of all groups, including non-governmental environmental organizations. Generally speaking, participation is influenced by various factors, one of which is utilizing cultural capital. The aim of this article is to sociologically analyze the impact of cultural capital of members of non-governmental organizations on environmental participation. The research method was survey and questionnaire method were used to collect data. The statistical community of the research was formed by all the members of environmental non-governmental organizations in Tehran, Iran. The sample size of 376 people was selected using the relative random sampling method and SPSS software was used for data processing and analysis. The results of the present study showed that the cultural capital and participation of most of the respondents is in the "average level and more" and with the increase of cultural capital and each of its dimensions separately, the participation increased. It also showed that the members with cultural capital were able to use creative mechanisms in the following cases. have a role: creating incentives for the participation of people and investors, implementing symbolic programs with the aim of promoting, transferring environmental knowledge and education, facilitating, demanding, empowering, increasing interaction with society, influencing the government and local communities, etc. From the results of this research, it can be concluded that environmental non-governmental organizations can play a role in creating sustainable fields among people and can be good promoters for building environmental issues at the community level.
Sociology
R. Ghareh; S. Bastani
Abstract
With the beginning of modernization in Iran during the Reza Shah period and following the implementation of control and disciplinary policies, the female body, which was previously marginalized, entered the center of politics. Although Mohammad Reza Shah lacked the political power his father enjoyed ...
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With the beginning of modernization in Iran during the Reza Shah period and following the implementation of control and disciplinary policies, the female body, which was previously marginalized, entered the center of politics. Although Mohammad Reza Shah lacked the political power his father enjoyed but he tried to continue his predecessor’s policies. In the early second Pahlavi era, with the decline of the political power of the government, a freer political atmosphere was provided to the press. During this period, women publications began to represent the political and social conditions of Iranian women. At that time, one of the controversial issues in women's magazines was the concept of embodiment. In this research, using the content analysis method, the concept of female embodiment in the "Bidāri-ye Mā" monthly magazine between 1944 and 1949 has been studied. Three main forms of embodiment are recognized in this journal: Traditional embodiment, puppet embodiment, and warrior embodiment. By criticizing the two forms of traditional and puppet embodiment, the magazine has determined its ideal image of the body form which was warrior embodiment. Although the magazine's ideal embodiment criticized other forms of embodiment due to the imposition of strict rules, this embodiment too imposed strict rules on the female body.
Sociology
O. Ghaderzadeh; K. Abbasi
Abstract
Sunni-dominated areas in Kermanshah have become the base of various Islamic discourses, including Salafism. Considering the presence, activism and expansion of Salafism in these areas, the present study aims to analyze the lifestyle of Salafists through narrative analysis method. It was found that the ...
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Sunni-dominated areas in Kermanshah have become the base of various Islamic discourses, including Salafism. Considering the presence, activism and expansion of Salafism in these areas, the present study aims to analyze the lifestyle of Salafists through narrative analysis method. It was found that the leisure experiences of these people are limited but purposeful and health-oriented, and they usually turn to the virtual space for the promotional reason.While observing simplicity and skepticism towards new foods, jurisprudence-based food abstinence and hospitality are the coordinates of Salafists' style, and their spending priority is focused on basic needs. In terms of clothing and makeup, while avoiding conspicuous consumption, they believe in the superiority of trimness over makeup, traditional clothing, biological and functional consumption. In body management, along with modern medicine and physical fitness, they emphasize conditional cosmetic surgery while prohibiting sterilization and avoiding abortion.In arranging their houses, they usually avoid luxury but pay special attention to functional aspects and cultural goods.In cultural consumption, they emphasize not to identify with Iranian television channels, have the dual acknowledgment of good and evil in the use of cultural means, the use of the Internet to establish religious identity, and targeted filtering.While avoiding the consumption of movies, cinema and music, they welcome multilingualism. According to the field data, the lifestyle of the studied Salafists has the nature of "jihadi", "return to tradition" and "resistance".
Sociology
A. Naderi
Abstract
NEETs as those who neither study nor have a job or profession, have been the topic in statistical and social discussions of countries in recent years, in which, Iran's contribution to this concept is close to zero. This research is an ethnographic study about the lifestyle of NEETs in Tehran. Among the ...
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NEETs as those who neither study nor have a job or profession, have been the topic in statistical and social discussions of countries in recent years, in which, Iran's contribution to this concept is close to zero. This research is an ethnographic study about the lifestyle of NEETs in Tehran. Among the definitions related to the two concepts of NEETs and lifestyle, Bourdieu's perspective on lifestyle has been chosen as the central theme and concept of this research. This is a qualitative research that has been carried out in two stages of ethnographic study and semi-structured interview where a total of 30 interviews were conducted with targeted exploratory-chain sampling and with maximum diversity until reaching the conceptual saturation. The qualitative data was evaluated through foundational data theory and thematic analysis method. Finally, 5 main categories (identity, timing, biological consumption, virtual consumption and health and beauty) and 13 sub-categories were ascertained, which showed that the lifestyle of NEETs is mostly formed around the issue of identity. In other words, they identify biological and virtual consumptions, beauty and healthcare and even time in virtual space. Their collective activities are with other NEET youth who share a similar lifestyle and care about appearances, from the way they dress to cosmetic surgery. Most of them do not have a vision for the future and only enjoy the moment and do not see the need to participate in future building.
Sociology
M.H. SayahTaheri
Abstract
The main view of thinkers, with respect to the impact of cyberspace on religion, is that its continuous use would help lead to “secularization” of individuals and society. However, it seems that this process, under the influence of some interfering factors, has overturned and, in some cases, ...
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The main view of thinkers, with respect to the impact of cyberspace on religion, is that its continuous use would help lead to “secularization” of individuals and society. However, it seems that this process, under the influence of some interfering factors, has overturned and, in some cases, even strengthened the religious outlook of some users of the virtual space, a process which we call “desecularization”. In this article, the attempt is being made to examine what are the most critical factors that enhance desecularization in social networks, and how desecularized users resist those secularizing effects? This research has been done using a qualitative approach and based on grounded theory as well as the theoretical sampling method. The statistical population was undergraduate students from universities of Tehran who were religious and each of them having about a thousand followers on Instagram. Finally, 27 of them were interviewed through structured questionnaire. MAXQDA20 software was used to encode and analyze the data which were deduced in three stages of sub-and-main concepts. The 10 categories that were selected include: pre-network context of the individual; scientific protective armor; transnational knowledge; activism power of users; religious lifestyle; reminding and meditating about life's priorities for users; maturity in interactions; internal and external care; intellectual patience and to build a social network with indigenous characteristics. All these aforementioned characteristics are gathered under one title called “conscious struggle”.
Sociology
H. Afra
Abstract
In a contemporary individualistic world with a significant diversity of groups, institutions, identities, and attitudes, cultures are likely to collide, especially among young people. In such circumstances, it is social tolerance that prevents the eruption of violence and conflict in a culturally diverse ...
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In a contemporary individualistic world with a significant diversity of groups, institutions, identities, and attitudes, cultures are likely to collide, especially among young people. In such circumstances, it is social tolerance that prevents the eruption of violence and conflict in a culturally diverse society. Therefore, the present study aims to study the relationship between individualism and social tolerance in the youth of Bojnord. A total of 825 young people were selected by the multi-stage cluster sampling technique and interviewed through a questionnaire. Its reliability and validity are confirmed by Cronbach's alpha technique and face validity. The findings show that there is a significant and direct relationship between moral individualism and social tolerance, extreme individualism and social tolerance, as well as between moral individualism / extreme individualism and the three dimensions of social tolerance (political, identity, and behavior). The results of the regression coefficient show that moral individualism and extreme individualism explain about 34% of the variance of social tolerance. Thus, with the spread of one of the cultural consequences of modernity, namely individualism, social tolerance increases in society.
Sociology
J. Karimi; S. Vaezzadeh
Abstract
Centralized, unbalanced, and unequal development in the last century has posed serious challenges to Iran's social setup, including ever-increasing deprivation in some metropolitan areas. The city of Kermanshah, apart from these processes, has experienced double deprivation, due to other factors such ...
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Centralized, unbalanced, and unequal development in the last century has posed serious challenges to Iran's social setup, including ever-increasing deprivation in some metropolitan areas. The city of Kermanshah, apart from these processes, has experienced double deprivation, due to other factors such as an imposed war as well as its special geographical, social and cultural characteristics. This deprivation is the main theme of this study, with emphasis on everyday life among deprived and privileged areas of Kermanshah. We have surveyed and analyzed indices of the economic capital, cultural capital, leisure time activities, body management, and preferences (in literature, cinema, music, food, and economics domains), in 13 deprived and 2 privileged neighborhoods, with 800 samples. Findings indicate that deprived neighborhoods generally follow a relatively similar pattern in different economic, cultural, leisure, tastes and body management arenas, despite minor differences, the main feature of which is poverty and deprivation. In most indicators, there found to be a significant difference between deprived and privileged areas. Also, there had been a positive correlation between the economic situation and the variables of "cultural capital", "body management", "artistic and literary preferences" and "economic logic". Demographic variables such as age, education and job were also important in changing the amount of capitals.
Sociology
M. Azadbakht; A. Fahimiar; M.R. Tajik
Abstract
Color in its essence is not only color but a symbol of language, message, significance, art, power, resistance, and politics. In other words, color is a visual, communicative, and perceptual element that can stimulate or alleviate people's emotions and inner self, and change and direct their speeches ...
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Color in its essence is not only color but a symbol of language, message, significance, art, power, resistance, and politics. In other words, color is a visual, communicative, and perceptual element that can stimulate or alleviate people's emotions and inner self, and change and direct their speeches and behavior. In the teachings of religions as well as intellectual and political discourses, color has been used as a symbol or distinguishing factor, and hence, different and conflicting representations and readings of color and its linguistic and transcendental meanings have been presented. Among these abundant implications, the current paper through an analytical approach and using library resources focuses itself on the political implication of color, and taking into account the relations of color and politics as a hypothesis seeks to prove or disapprove the same with the notion that: Every colorlessness, when comes into contact with a symbolic or real color, becomes a political matter (with an essence of praise or antagonism). This article has two hidden goals: First, to cross the line of traditional definitions of politics and political matter, and design politics as an art, and vice versa (theoretical goal), and second, to acquaint political activists with a different language of politics, which can play a role both as the language of power and the language of resistance in our society today (practical goal).
Sociology
A. Babaiefard; T. Yoosefifar; Z. Amjadi
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effect of social factors on women’s Body Management in Qom. The theoretical framework was based on various theories by Giddens, Goffman, Nan Lane, Cooley, and Homans. This study was based on a survey design, and the data were collected by a researcher-made ...
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The present study aimed to investigate the effect of social factors on women’s Body Management in Qom. The theoretical framework was based on various theories by Giddens, Goffman, Nan Lane, Cooley, and Homans. This study was based on a survey design, and the data were collected by a researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical population included all women aged 16-60 years old in Qom. A total of 384 participants were selected using the Cochran’s Formula and quota sampling. SPSS software (Version 22) was used for data analysis. The findings indicated that body management had a significant and direct relationship with social pressure, social acceptance, and life satisfaction as well as achieving a higher social status and attracting the opposite sex. In addition, the results of regression analysis revealed that the aforementioned variables could explain 41% of the changes in ‘Body Management’. Furthermore, implications of the findings for social policy making were discussed. Finally, some suggestions were made for dealing with extreme tendency towards Body Management.
Sociology
A. Feizolahi; K. Kamarbeigi
Abstract
Apathy is a passive activity in which individuals avoid active engagement and altruism while lacking interest in or concern about social problems. This paper aims to analyze social apathy in Ilam province and find its causes and consequences. The study was conducted by a qualitative method according ...
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Apathy is a passive activity in which individuals avoid active engagement and altruism while lacking interest in or concern about social problems. This paper aims to analyze social apathy in Ilam province and find its causes and consequences. The study was conducted by a qualitative method according to the grounded theory approach and using purposive sampling strategies (theoretical sampling). The required data were collected through interviews with 28 participants. Data were analyzed using the Strauss and Corbin coding paradigm in three stages of open, axial, and selective coding. As the results showed, ignorance of citizens’ role, political structure, rising expectations, selfish individualism, the decline in collective loyalty, social trade-offs, socioeconomic inequalities, and the accumulation of poverty and misery were the causal factors. Besides, the contextual factors included social loafing, non-assertiveness, economization of culture, legal gap, failure of the training system, the chaos of tradition, nepotism, low-performance civil organizations, and isolationism. Finally, government inefficiency, collective hysteria, and media malfunction were intervening factors. As the findings of the study show, ‘social disorganization’ was the main core of the research, which results from causal, contextual, and intervening factors.
Sociology
H. Sarvi; H. Mohaddesi Gilvaei; R. Samim
Abstract
This paper discusses the government's view on contemporary Iranian music as well as the relationship between religion and art during the years 1971 to 2018. Thus, the relationship between the two institutions of religion and art was examined through sociological perspectives. For that matter, qualitative ...
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This paper discusses the government's view on contemporary Iranian music as well as the relationship between religion and art during the years 1971 to 2018. Thus, the relationship between the two institutions of religion and art was examined through sociological perspectives. For that matter, qualitative and analytical approaches were applied, with the first relying on historical method where the tool was historical documents (newspapers) and oral history (interviews with elites) and the second analyzing the statistics published by the Music Division of the Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance. In terms of data type, this is a historical research. The required data include three categories published by national press between 1971 and 2018, data related to interviewees and those published by the Music Division of the Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance from 1982 to 2018. The results showed that the media information, interviews and the Music Bureau data are in one direction with regard to the state of music between 1971 and 2018 in a way that music was completely weakened in the 1980s due to the dominance of religious view on the country. The present study, by examining three data groups, showed the stage of challenges the two institutions of religion and art have faced in contemporary Iran. These challenges have, sometimes, led to severe stances of active and effective forces in these two social institutions against each other. However, artistic forces are gradually in the process to free themselves from the domination of religious institutions and gain independence.
Sociology
Z. Mesgartehrani; A. Kazemi
Abstract
Studies in the field of religion and women consider the emancipation of women from the structure of patriarchy and the challenge of the beliefs and interpretations of traditional Islam to belong to the upper class and elite of society. In this study, this question arises whether traditional pious women ...
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Studies in the field of religion and women consider the emancipation of women from the structure of patriarchy and the challenge of the beliefs and interpretations of traditional Islam to belong to the upper class and elite of society. In this study, this question arises whether traditional pious women of the lower classes also have the ability to re-interpret religion in their everyday lives? How do these women, without knowing the sources of religious intellectualism, re-interpret traditional religion and practically apply it in their lives? For this study, in-depth semi-structured interviews with traditional pious women in Ankara and Tehran were used. The results of this study show that women have not only used religion as a tool to expand their empowerment opportunities, but they have challenged traditional Islam and the interpretations that has tried to suppress them with the help of patriarchy for long years. They have inadvertently opened the space for the entry of religious intellectualism thoughts into their practical everyday life. Indirect opposition to the laws that have a jurisprudential basis has caused: firstly, women to go beyond the stage of resistance, and secondly, this opposition as intangible struggles has been able to change aspects of their lives, and eventually it shows a more concrete view of Islam's equality towards women.
Sociology
A, Morshedi; M. Hadjizadeh Meimandi; M. Mashalchi
Abstract
This article tries to inspect the typology of the mourning communities in Yazd based on the content of monodies and their general orientation. This research is interpretive and the research method is based on grounded theory. Data collection was done by semi-structured interviews with 22 informed people. ...
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This article tries to inspect the typology of the mourning communities in Yazd based on the content of monodies and their general orientation. This research is interpretive and the research method is based on grounded theory. Data collection was done by semi-structured interviews with 22 informed people. The sample have been selected from the group’s chief, the poet, the weeper, the panegyrist and the active group members. The researches have shown that the mourning communities in Yazd were have been put into type such as reflexivity, identity oriented and ideological (movement oriented) communities. The properties of the reflexivity community can be such example as: “time coverage glance at the Ashura history”, “critical vision to contemporary Islamic societies”, “putting an emphasis on human general concepts” and “critic of the discourse of the Islamic republic of Iran”. The property of identity oriented can be as the following “the static vision in the Ashura history”, “mournful and consolatory vision”, "emphasis on Shiite identity", “bound to the borders of the Shiite identity of the Islamic republic of Iran. The property of the ideological community is “the time coverage glance at the Ashura history”, “the school vision”, “putting an emphasis on the Shiite jihad” and “bound to the discourse borders of Islamic Republic of Iran”.
Sociology
M.S. Zokaei; R. Eslami
Abstract
In recent years Arbaeen pilgrimage in Iran has many practitioners and visitors, so it becomes one of the main aspects of Shiite identity and Iranian religiosity actions. Relying on a case study of discourses and representations of Arbaeen pilgrimage, we try to understand Arbaeen pilgrimage as a social ...
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In recent years Arbaeen pilgrimage in Iran has many practitioners and visitors, so it becomes one of the main aspects of Shiite identity and Iranian religiosity actions. Relying on a case study of discourses and representations of Arbaeen pilgrimage, we try to understand Arbaeen pilgrimage as a social phenomenon and explore diversity and differences of Iran's society today. Concentrating on representations and discourses of Arbaeen pilgrimage that signifying this Practice, by addressing written texts published on paper or digital mass media (Newspapers, News Agencies and News Sites) in a 5 years period since 1392 to 1396 in Iran, diversity of representations have shown. Applying theoretical and methodological approach of Laclau and Mouffe's discourse analysis in the process of investigating 1800 day-record published on that 5 years period, 6 different discourses have found that representing power constellation of Arbaeen pilgrimage phenomenon. Findings of this exploratory research helps focus on cultural changes of post-revolutionary Iran's society and determine its diversity contexts.
Sociology
G. Bayat; M. Ghasemi
Abstract
National-religious events attract media attention but different media views events differently in ideological frameworks which facilitate the failure or success of public diplomacy efforts all around the world. In this regard, Persian-language foreign media, including the BBC Persian, is among the sources ...
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National-religious events attract media attention but different media views events differently in ideological frameworks which facilitate the failure or success of public diplomacy efforts all around the world. In this regard, Persian-language foreign media, including the BBC Persian, is among the sources of meaning and conceptualization of national-religious events such as Chaharshanbehsuri for audiences inside Iran. In recent years, one of the most important events happening yearly with a large crowd of people is the Arbaeen Hosseini procession. According to Rodenbühler's approach to the concept of ritual, Arbaeen ritual is performed voluntarily, non-instrumental and seriously. This paper, considering the history and the extent of the BBC in professional news activity, analyzes the way of Arbaeen event representation on the BBC website using thematic analysis method. The findings indicate that the Arbaeen pilgrims' walking ritual has been strongly represented as a political and ideological movement under the seven main themes (documentary narration, separatism and Shia, crisis of disorder and inability of Iran and Iraq’s governments, Arbaeen downsizing, analysis of the eight-year Iraq-Iran war, allegedly imposed insecurity by Isil and the political Maneuver of the Iranian government). The representation of the relations between the actors in this ritual ceremony not only has nothing to do with Rothenbuhler’s view but also shows the negative image making of this religious event as a continuation of the Shia phobia in the western media and especially as a new manifestation of Iranophobia.
Sociology
J. Rahmani
Abstract
Religious systems spread across geographical contexts and thus form their own historical and geographical formations. The existing understanding and analysis of Shiite formulation is mainly concentrated on its time and historical developments. In this article, I have tried to deal with geographical aspect ...
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Religious systems spread across geographical contexts and thus form their own historical and geographical formations. The existing understanding and analysis of Shiite formulation is mainly concentrated on its time and historical developments. In this article, I have tried to deal with geographical aspect of Shiite identity formation by emphasizing the recent developments, especially the fall of Saddam and the liberation of pilgrimage of Karbala and other Shiite holy cities in Iraq for believers, in relation to the geography of the Holy Land in Shiite culture. Historical data show that Shiism has always regretted for the pilgrimage to its holy land, Karbala, and this has symbolically become a fundamental part of the identity and faith of Shiites around the world. The most important consequence of free access to the holy shrines has caused the fundamental change of this formulation of the centrality of the Holy Land and the end of this historical syndrome of regretting for the Holy Land and the desire for pilgrimage.
Sociology
M.R. Pouyafar
Abstract
The largest religious community of Muslims is formed every year on the occasion of the 40th Day of Ashura by walking to Karbala and during the Arbaeen procession. This pilgrimage walk, while being a wonderful manifestation of religious experience, is a diverse field of Charity services to pilgrims, as ...
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The largest religious community of Muslims is formed every year on the occasion of the 40th Day of Ashura by walking to Karbala and during the Arbaeen procession. This pilgrimage walk, while being a wonderful manifestation of religious experience, is a diverse field of Charity services to pilgrims, as well as a clear example of "religious charity". Religious experience is usually formed during religious practices and rituals, including during pilgrimage. But this study begins specifically with the important question of whether the experience of participation and involvement in religious charity can have the characteristics of a religious experience? To answer this question, the qualitative research method has been used using interview and participatory observation techniques by recording data such as photos, videos and field notes. Iranian pilgrims as well as processions, procession holders and members of Iranian and Iraqi processions were the observation unit and the population studied in this study. The findings showed that the experience of participating in religious charitable services, as well as the use of these services in the Arbaeen walk, can be a ground for the emergence and characteristics of religious experience. By extending the results to other situations of religious practice in which religious Charity deeds are possible, it has been argued that the possibility of defining religious charity as one of the contexts of religious experience in the Arbaeen walk can be a positive answer to the possibility of this kind of definition of Religious experience should be in all situations of religious experience - in addition to pilgrimage and Arbaeen.
Sociology
S. Ramezani Tamijani
Abstract
Studying the types of participation in Ashura rituals in Shi’a’s societies has great importance due to intense intermixture that has been established with collective conscience of the followers of this religion. Meanwhile, the study of the Arbaeen walking ritual, which has shown wonderful ...
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Studying the types of participation in Ashura rituals in Shi’a’s societies has great importance due to intense intermixture that has been established with collective conscience of the followers of this religion. Meanwhile, the study of the Arbaeen walking ritual, which has shown wonderful changes in recent years and become a special and multifaceted socio-cultural phenomenon, has increased importance. Therefore, this article has considered the description and analysis of areas and types of collective participation in Arbaeen Walk phenomenon. 17 semi-structured interviews are conducted with Iranian servants and Managers of different Mukeb as the group with most level and scope of the conflict with this phenomenon in comparing with other participants. Analyzing the content of the interviews by using a combination of thematic analysis and ideal type making methods, after three coding steps, led us to 10 themes in relation to the areas of participation and 12 themes in relation to the type of participation. And finally, it was concluded that we are facing a unique kind of participation in the Arbaeen Walking.
Sociology
Gh. Tajbakhsh
Abstract
Pilgrimage is considered as part of the culture of religions and religion is an important motivation and stimulus for travel and every year millions of people travel to religious holy places in different parts of the world for religious purposes. In this article, the study of the act of pilgrimage on ...
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Pilgrimage is considered as part of the culture of religions and religion is an important motivation and stimulus for travel and every year millions of people travel to religious holy places in different parts of the world for religious purposes. In this article, the study of the act of pilgrimage on the Arbaeen walk is considered from the perspective of young people. Research methodology: The data of this qualitative study were collected through semi-structured interviews and participatory observation and the base theory method was used for data analysis. Theoretical and purposive sampling method was interviewed with 35 young Iranian pilgrims (18-35) on the Arbaein hike from Najaf to Karbala in November 2019. After analyzing the qualitative data, five main themes were identified: 1) physical travel or travel; 2) cognitive, belief; 3) empirical, emotional; 4) Arbaean lifestyle; 5) Arbaean identity. Each has different sub-indices. The overall results of the study indicate that hiking is an important factor in identifying and playing an essential role in the spiritual, physical and spiritual well-being of a person. The results of this study also show the superiority of spiritual intention and pilgrimage of pilgrims over material and worldly civil intentions.
Sociology
N. Arabi; M. Noghani Dokht Bahmani; Gh. Sedigh Ouraee
Abstract
From a sociological perspective Financial vows are Socio-economic, participatory, and community-based actions that have the potential to empower vulnerable groups and address poverty, given the current conditions of our society. Accordingly, the purpose of the present study is to describe and ...
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From a sociological perspective Financial vows are Socio-economic, participatory, and community-based actions that have the potential to empower vulnerable groups and address poverty, given the current conditions of our society. Accordingly, the purpose of the present study is to describe and interpret the meaning of the vow phenomenon from the perspective of the actors, the reasons for the actors to choose the methods of vow, and finally to discover the barriers to social responsibility and participation of the actors. Using qualitative approach and thematic analysis method and using semi-structured and narrative interviews, data were collected from 18 participants in Mashhad.According to the findings, the participants were divided into conscious and semi-conscious groups in terms of interpreting the meaning of the vow. By comparing the action of the two groups, it is recognized that the type of action of the conscious participants is more rationally focused on the purpose or value and that they feel more responsible and perform their social and participatory roles. The type of action of the subconscious participants is often emotionally focused on the goal or value and chooses individual non-attitudinal methods.
Sociology
M.R. Taleban
Abstract
For more than two centuries, the social sciences have been subjected to the “irrational actor axiom" in the scientific study of religion. Religiosity and religious behavior were explained on the basis of primitive thought, neurotic impulses, and social conditioning; and the decline of religion ...
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For more than two centuries, the social sciences have been subjected to the “irrational actor axiom" in the scientific study of religion. Religiosity and religious behavior were explained on the basis of primitive thought, neurotic impulses, and social conditioning; and the decline of religion and religiosity was also seen as the inevitable consequence of scientific enlightenment and technological advancement. From the late 20th century, and especially early 21th century, an increasing set of empirical data from social science research has shown that this traditional approach to the scientific study of religion is defective. Many of these data have seriously challenged the old but still popular social sciences scholarship on "incompatibility of science with religion”, "the gradual decline of religion" and "pathological roots of religious commitment." The research evidence presented in this paper also showed that most of the extensive literature on the relationship between university education and the reduction of students' religiosity, which was dominated by the secularization paradigm and the incompatibility of science with religion, does not have the necessary empirical support. Also, analyzing the data on the religiosity of Muslims in Iran showed that the difference in religiosity of the population was more affected by their religious background of their family rather than by studying at the university.
Sociology
N. Jaberian; A. Rabiei; H. Mohaddesi; M.J. Zahedi Mazandarani
Abstract
The current study is an attempt to analyze the attitudinal developments that have occurred in the social transactions of the members of the so-called Psymentology spiritual group. The study is a descriptive one and has been conducted according to the principles of the Grounded Theory on fourteen current ...
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The current study is an attempt to analyze the attitudinal developments that have occurred in the social transactions of the members of the so-called Psymentology spiritual group. The study is a descriptive one and has been conducted according to the principles of the Grounded Theory on fourteen current (active and non-active) and former members of the group. Results of analyses showed the changes occurred to the members of the two groups are not similar and are sometimes contradictory. In other words, the ideology that member have gotten through participation in the group and their spiritual experiences are not similar for the two groups; in other words, the current members evaluate such ideology as positive, while the former members have contrasting views. Cognitive and attitudinal changes among the members have been classified into four groups, each one with specific consequences. Identifying the hidden aspects of oneself, perceiving oneness in the universe and being united with it, believing in the consciousness of the existence and handing over all issues to it, and believing in the existence of non-organic beings.
Sociology
E. Fayaz; E. Nercisyans; A. Naderi; N. Babasafari
Abstract
The ethno-cultural region of Hawraman encounters a multiple and complex combination of identity sources which its understanding calls for deep and contextual investigation. Applying a qualitative approach, the present study attempts to discuss the identity sources of Hawrami people. To these end, a half-structured ...
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The ethno-cultural region of Hawraman encounters a multiple and complex combination of identity sources which its understanding calls for deep and contextual investigation. Applying a qualitative approach, the present study attempts to discuss the identity sources of Hawrami people. To these end, a half-structured interview was conducted with 33 Hawrami key commentaries and experts selected with maximum variation; Data were gathered. In order to analyze the data, we used Nvivo and MAXQDA software based on conventional qualitative content analysis proposed by Lundman and Greneheim. The findings of the study demonstrated that the identity sources of Hawraman consists of four themes: “Hawrami-Kurdish ethnical identity”, “Iranian national identity”, “religious identity”, and “modern identity”. The category of Hawrami-Kurdish identity includes Hawrami language and literature, Hawrami symbols, sense of attachment and feeling proud of being a Hawrami, preserving and defending Hawrami sources and interests, music and songs and the emphasis on social integrity of different regions as Kurd people. The Iranian national identity includes the everyday presence of Persian language, music and songs, rituals and Iranian values, and national loyalty. Religious identity embraces the beliefs, rituals, Sufism, Ghaderi and Naghshbandi mysticisms, the state of religion, tolerance and revitalization-fundamentalism. In the category of modern identity, we shall see challenging the ancestor’s beliefs, intellect, criticism and awareness, humanism and tendency towards modernism, cosmopolitanism and consumption. At the end of the study, according to the findings, the identity sources of Hawrami people model was recognized and represented.
