Women Studies
M. Pourrajabi; A. Ghobadi
Abstract
The concept of beauty in the contemporary society is closely linked to gender. In this research, the concept of makeup and beauty has been explored from the perspective of women by using qualitative method techniques. Therefore, 35 young women of Tehran city were interviewed through in-depth and semi-structured ...
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The concept of beauty in the contemporary society is closely linked to gender. In this research, the concept of makeup and beauty has been explored from the perspective of women by using qualitative method techniques. Therefore, 35 young women of Tehran city were interviewed through in-depth and semi-structured questionnaire, and the samples were selected based on theoretical sampling and theoretical saturation. After extracting primary, secondary, and intermediate concepts of the three main categories, i.e. 1- general areas of beauty and signs, 2- make-up; and 3- consumption of media, the need for beauty and make-up was determined. The results show that make-up and beauty are defined as an important activity for young women. Beauty and makeup are intertwined with people's lifestyle and are adjusted and coordinated by it i.e., the amount and manner of makeup of women changes with their understanding of the culture that governs different environments, the type and gender of the audience, the amount of communication and the type of activity. It can be stated that make-up and beauty provide women with the possibility of creating many social relationships. In the analysis and interpretation of the interviews, we found a range of reasons such as increasing social capital, coercion or group conformity, building a new identity and self-idealism, and increasing self-confidence in explaining why makeup is done.
Psychology, Video Games
M. Akhtar Mohagheghi; A. Rabiei; A. Farhangi
Abstract
Today, social capital has attracted the attention of many political, cultural, social, and economic intellectuals since its promotion leads to the elevation of various developmental indicators in societies. Like other social doctrines, as should be pointed, the promotion of social capital, too, requires ...
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Today, social capital has attracted the attention of many political, cultural, social, and economic intellectuals since its promotion leads to the elevation of various developmental indicators in societies. Like other social doctrines, as should be pointed, the promotion of social capital, too, requires proper infrastructure and conditions where interactions and communications are made among individuals. In other words, since social capital is mainly based on communications, it will become meaningless once communications are lacking among people. That’s the reason, social networks, these days, as an all-encompassing medium, play a key role in providing an appropriate condition for developing effective interpersonal communications. The current study, as such, intends to address the main question: How can social networks promote social capital? To respond to this, first, different aspects of social capital and social networks are examined in order to provide a model. The study employs an integrated method and using a theme analysis of data obtained from various interviews with experts, the most important aspects of social capital and social networks are identified, and finally, using structural modeling and the MICMAC analysis, a model is presented. Based on the results, it is concluded that through conversations as well as news and information obtained on social networks, the greatest impact can be made on social trust and social norms to promote social capital.
Language and Literature
M. Hedayat Mofidi; A. Kamyabigol; A. Alizadeh
Abstract
Today, the mobile phone, with its wide range of features, is an inexpensive, easy to use, and most modern communication tool. One of the special applications of smart phones is providing spaces and facilities such as SMS services, virtual networks, and interactive groups that link people and groups from ...
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Today, the mobile phone, with its wide range of features, is an inexpensive, easy to use, and most modern communication tool. One of the special applications of smart phones is providing spaces and facilities such as SMS services, virtual networks, and interactive groups that link people and groups from different linguistic and cultural background. In this paper, we tried to study the messages of the Farsi-speaking users of the Telegram communication network from the linguistics perspective. In this regard, the linguistics and rhetorical correspondence of short messages in Persian language was studied by the content-analysis method. The statistical population consisted of 150 messages which contained 327 sentences. These messages were randomly selected from 5 different groups. Persian language used in cyberspace differs from standard Persian language. The first step in correcting communication language errors in cyberspace is to inform the users about the type of errors.
Sociology
Zohreh Shahghasemi; Mohmmad Mahdi Forghani; Hadi Khaniki
Abstract
The movement towards the goals of "Vision plan 1404" needs the perception of the requirements to prepare plans for achieving the favorite objectives of development. With the advent of the information age, the rules of development policy-making strongly have changed in the world and also unique opportunities ...
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The movement towards the goals of "Vision plan 1404" needs the perception of the requirements to prepare plans for achieving the favorite objectives of development. With the advent of the information age, the rules of development policy-making strongly have changed in the world and also unique opportunities areprovided by variables of communications for countries that have been in early stages of development. Based on this, considering the communications in macro-level and in the political, social, economic and cultural development plans is important and necessary. This requires a review and pathology of previous plans and evaluation of their strengths and weaknesses for preparing of more comprehensive future plans. Themain question of this study is: what is the approach of development plans to communications section after Islamic revolution? Which aspects of communications are considered, and what aspects are ignored? This study analyzes five development plans after the revolution, by using of qualitative content analysis. Results show that in all five-year plans the focus was on hardware and quantitative dimensions of communication development and media, but qualitative and content aspects, such as the right to universal access to information, freedom to obtain and disseminate information within the constitution, freedom of speech and press, a move towards the information society and knowledge-based, also other dimensions of communications such as human, traditional and social communication has been less considered. In the fourth development plan that is "knowledge" – centered, new fields of communications has been studied comprehensively in comparison to other plans. According to these approaches and new scientific and experimental perspectives, this paper suggests further engagement in communications necessity for development policy-making.
Mohammad Reza Hatami; Saroyeh Mazhabi
Abstract
It seems that Identity in one of most important element in social life, which could be the subject of new factors. In this case, the women have been being influenced by various factors in order to finding their own Gender Identity in recent years. The position and situation of today's women is so different ...
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It seems that Identity in one of most important element in social life, which could be the subject of new factors. In this case, the women have been being influenced by various factors in order to finding their own Gender Identity in recent years. The position and situation of today's women is so different from which used to be in the past. The society and the women both have more acceptable vision about women's gender identity toward moderating. One of the efficacious element of this changing is the mass media especially Internet. This literature will discuss about the definition of Identity and its relation with gender after the introduction, then the elements of the Identity in relation with the mass media. The bulls eye of this literature is to deliberate the gender Identity of women and its relation with the mass media especially Internet.
Mohammad Reza Dehshiri
Abstract
First of all, the present study would explain 6-layer dimensions of culture –including beliefs, values, and norms (as the core of culture), and symbols, rituals, and customs, technologies, skills, and innovations (as the culture surface). Then, applying communication theories besides exploring ...
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First of all, the present study would explain 6-layer dimensions of culture –including beliefs, values, and norms (as the core of culture), and symbols, rituals, and customs, technologies, skills, and innovations (as the culture surface). Then, applying communication theories besides exploring the concept of “culture-building” involving culture-admission (affecting both core and surface of culture) and culture-orientation (affecting culture’s surface); it would analyze the cultural affects media has in thoughts, normalizing, symbolizing, socialization, modeling, and innovation. The assessed hypothesis emphasizes that in the core of culture, media play an educational and stabilizing role in culture-admission process, while in the surface of culture –the culture-orientation process- they could transform behaviors and social models.
Heshmat Sadat Moini Far
Abstract
Besides family and education system, media also affects on the socializing process. What media represent is mutually affected and affective with culture. However, there are some times when media’s effect on society is especially important. For example, people with restricted social interactions ...
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Besides family and education system, media also affects on the socializing process. What media represent is mutually affected and affective with culture. However, there are some times when media’s effect on society is especially important. For example, people with restricted social interactions would spend more time watching TV; thus what they watch not only entertains, but also has educational effects on them, this is the same for journals with habitual readers. Reviewing Hamshahri’s events page, this study attempts to study social construction of gender prototypes. Applying gender role theory and theory of gender sociability, this study would offer a hybrid model. As results show, men are more inclined to commit a crime, and women are usually the object of crimes. The most sensible prototype is that men are represented as “aggressive and raper”, while women are the victims. Described prototypes are both descriptive and normative.
Maryam Sadat Ghiasian
Abstract
This study attempts to introduce two main currents in orientalism, the classic and the modern. The Western attitude toward the Orient, and especially Islam, is analyzed in both currents and the operative factors that lead to modern orientalism are surveyed. The 9th September 2001 event is here considered ...
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This study attempts to introduce two main currents in orientalism, the classic and the modern. The Western attitude toward the Orient, and especially Islam, is analyzed in both currents and the operative factors that lead to modern orientalism are surveyed. The 9th September 2001 event is here considered one of the most important points in modern orientalism. Media are here assumed to play a crucial role in representation of the orientalist and racist attitudes which nowadays focus on cultural differences. Accordingly, the present study surveys reflections of western cultural attitudes toward Iran in the linguistic construction of two British journals, the Guardian and the Daily Telegraph and two American ones, Time and Newsweek, after the occurrence of the 9/11 event.
Younes Shokrkhah; Fatemeh Kamali Chirani
Abstract
Noam Chomsky has discussed the bias of American media in covering events according to political economy interests and pro-Israeli position, for instance. Looking for the connections between public opinion and the media, focusing on the position of the American government during the first Gulf War, as ...
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Noam Chomsky has discussed the bias of American media in covering events according to political economy interests and pro-Israeli position, for instance. Looking for the connections between public opinion and the media, focusing on the position of the American government during the first Gulf War, as Mueller, Seaver and Page stated, shows that the United States government has been trying to influence the media in critical situations like wartime. In this study, we are attempting to evaluate Embedded Journalism as a new method of coverage in the Iraq 2003 War. There are plenty of studies in the field of embedded journalism; however, this study is going to measure the objectivity of the Foxnews’ coverage, according to Mindich theory (2000). The study is concentrating on Americans invasion to Iraq in 2003 (from March 20 to April 9, 2003), that have been coined by journalists as “The Fall of Baghdad”. In this study 217 articles of clip descriptions and leads of live reports of embedded journalists have been analyzed.
Saeid Reza Ameli; Najmeh Mohammadkhani
Abstract
According to the ethno-cultural diversity, many educational and media basis in Iranian society are needed, in order to make good and healthy communication, in addition to the calm and peaceful interpersonal interaction. Cultural intolerance among diverse ethnics might cause to conflict, opposition, and ...
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According to the ethno-cultural diversity, many educational and media basis in Iranian society are needed, in order to make good and healthy communication, in addition to the calm and peaceful interpersonal interaction. Cultural intolerance among diverse ethnics might cause to conflict, opposition, and discrimination and thus some negative affects on the majority beside the ethnic and religious minorities. Therefore, education, especially primary education in the age in which ethical and cultural schemas and assertions are shaped, is really important. This kind of intercultural instruction makes individuals aware of cultural differences and internalizes culture of tolerance. The educational system, which is based on justice and mutual respect, causes also to cultural dynamism and flexibility. Indeed, in this study, we attempt to reflect on the Constitution, as the basis of respect to minority (religious and ethnic); besides two cultural institutions, education and media, as the director in intercultural communication. Considered factors are the good citizenship, effective law system, and recognizing citizen rights.
Mahdi Mohsenianrad
Abstract
This article studies the evolution of role phantasm of “men in front of media”. They have been called in a historical order as audience, receiver, user and recently communicatee. The author argues that the changing perception of “man in front of media” from a passive Being to ...
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This article studies the evolution of role phantasm of “men in front of media”. They have been called in a historical order as audience, receiver, user and recently communicatee. The author argues that the changing perception of “man in front of media” from a passive Being to an active being is the result of some developments the most important of which is globalization. The most prominent characteristics of communitee is its independence in “selection based on communicative needs”. Along with the developments in the future decades in the field of ICT, the ability of communicatee for selection will be reinforced and it will become a selector communicatee. This article argues that because of the delay in developing countries in entering the age of Gutenberg galaxy and Marconi galaxy, message senders in these countries have an audience –oriented view. As a result, they have not yet become communicatee. This article concludes that audience phantasm in some developing countries may be harmful for meeting the need of communicatees by local media and make the productions of foreign media more attractive for local communicatees leading to undesirable change in their cultural traits.
Hassan Bashir
Abstract
Although the current age is called “communication age” so far many definitions have been presented for the concept of communications. This concept still requires a more appropriate and comprehensive definite. One of the serious problems in defining communication is the fact that its meaning ...
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Although the current age is called “communication age” so far many definitions have been presented for the concept of communications. This concept still requires a more appropriate and comprehensive definite. One of the serious problems in defining communication is the fact that its meaning is taken for granted and diffused in all aspects of life. This situation creates many difficulties in presenting a comprehensive definition of communication. The precise definition of communication not only can contribute to a deeper understanding of this concept but also, it can explain relationship between culture and media in another way. This article tries to study the different definitions and meanings of the concept of “communication”, by using semantic analysis for this concept. This definition, not only provides a new perception of the conceptual meaning of communication, but also, makes possible a deeper understanding of relationship between culture and media as the most important mass media at the different individual, social and intercultural levels.
Hassan Khani
Abstract
Religion and media are two important phenomena in today’s Middle Eastern societies. In these societies media is a newcomer player which its history of presence hardly approaches a century while religion is among the oldest and most important elements and factors in the Middle East. This article ...
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Religion and media are two important phenomena in today’s Middle Eastern societies. In these societies media is a newcomer player which its history of presence hardly approaches a century while religion is among the oldest and most important elements and factors in the Middle East. This article is an attempt to evaluate the different aspects of confrontation and interaction between these two in the Middle Easters societies in general and in Iranian Society in particular. The aim of this article is to investigate the different ways in which media occurred for and against religion trying to show how religion has managed to use media as an opportunity and at the same time how it has been threatened by it. This article argues that cooperation and confrontation between media and religion has left a significant effect on these societies influencing deeply the process of formation of political and social culture of the people something that can affect the confrontation between tradition modernity in these societies.
Azam Ravadrad; Mahdi Montazer Ghaem; Parisa Sarkarati
Abstract
Regarding the importance of representation in redefining individuals and social groups’ identity, the interpretation of women from representation of feminine identity in television is examined in this article. The main question asks: what is the relationship between women’s interpretation ...
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Regarding the importance of representation in redefining individuals and social groups’ identity, the interpretation of women from representation of feminine identity in television is examined in this article. The main question asks: what is the relationship between women’s interpretation of feminine identity in television and their media consumption. It was assumed that women resist against those media contents which reproduce unwanted identity for them, and they do this through not consuming the presented contents. The research method was qualitative, using intense interviews with women from different social groups having different characteristics. Using Stewart Hall’s concept of Encoding and Decoding, it is examined that how women with different characteristics in terms of occupation, education and their marital status, adopting different readings, produce different meanings for those serials which try to reproduce a housewife identity for women. The results showed that the kind of women’s interpretation of media representations is different according to their different characteristics, and that this is in relation to their selective usage of media contents and shaping the desired contents for them.
