Mohammad Reza Hatami; Saroyeh Mazhabi
Abstract
It seems that Identity in one of most important element in social life, which could be the subject of new factors. In this case, the women have been being influenced by various factors in order to finding their own Gender Identity in recent years. The position and situation of today's women is so different ...
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It seems that Identity in one of most important element in social life, which could be the subject of new factors. In this case, the women have been being influenced by various factors in order to finding their own Gender Identity in recent years. The position and situation of today's women is so different from which used to be in the past. The society and the women both have more acceptable vision about women's gender identity toward moderating. One of the efficacious element of this changing is the mass media especially Internet. This literature will discuss about the definition of Identity and its relation with gender after the introduction, then the elements of the Identity in relation with the mass media. The bulls eye of this literature is to deliberate the gender Identity of women and its relation with the mass media especially Internet.
Zahra Hemmati; S. Mohammad Shobeiri
Abstract
In recent years, the environmental crisis is considered as one of the major challenges that human is faced. Many scientists have proposed technological solutions to reduce or prevent environmental crises, however, some of them have suggested the necessity of new relation and interaction ...
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In recent years, the environmental crisis is considered as one of the major challenges that human is faced. Many scientists have proposed technological solutions to reduce or prevent environmental crises, however, some of them have suggested the necessity of new relation and interaction between nature and human, and also, the need for a new environmental culture. This study aims to explore the environmental culture and its influencing factors in Shiraz city. Research was conducted by using survey method, cluster sampling and questionnaire. In total, 402 completed questionnaires were collected and analyzed. Research findings indicate that environmental culture had positive and significant relationship with opportunities and facilities offered, feeling efficiency and environmental education. However, environmental culture had no significant relationship with environmental knowledge and social norms. Also, multivariate regression results show that opportunities and facilities offered and feeling efficiency are significant with environmental culture.
Mohammad Saeed Mahdavi Kani
Abstract
Concept of life style is one in social sciences which has drawn a great deal attention. But its various and relatively paradoxical use have made it ambiguous, and in the eyes of some researchers, futile. Here, first the article prodives an loxicological explanation from the concept and then addresses ...
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Concept of life style is one in social sciences which has drawn a great deal attention. But its various and relatively paradoxical use have made it ambiguous, and in the eyes of some researchers, futile. Here, first the article prodives an loxicological explanation from the concept and then addresses its conceptaul aspects. This concep is strongly interrlated with other concepts as “taste” in social sciences, what the article pursue is to explain the conceptual aspects and elements of “life style” by contrasting between calssic and modern related theories.
Akbar Zare Shahabadi; Mehdi Ebrahimi
Abstract
Identity process specifies who the individual is psychically and socially and what position he has. In other words, identification enables social active to reply the fundamental questions referring to who and what he is appropriately and convincingly. Cultural identity crisis is a term applied to describe ...
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Identity process specifies who the individual is psychically and socially and what position he has. In other words, identification enables social active to reply the fundamental questions referring to who and what he is appropriately and convincingly. Cultural identity crisis is a term applied to describe individuals' disability to adopt the role expected from them by the society.Cultural identity crisis means that human being ruptured and alienated from cultural origins and roots in which he has lived and mixed with it; need for attaching to other cultural origins and roots that is manifested in the form of forgetting and devaluing individual culture and traditions and ignoring it. This study intends to survey some factors related to cultural identity crisis among Tabriz high school students. Required data has been compiled through a questionnaire and sample of 378 high school students by categorical sampling method. In this survey, to clarify and define cultural identity crisis, the theories of theoreticians for symbolic interaction have been combined with Parsons' theory and conformed to Hobermouse's crisis theory. It should be mentioned that cultural identity crisis has been measured by some variables as interest in ethnic language and common history and attention to them, obligation to religious affairs and traditions, influence by friends and coevals and ...The results of performed analyses show that the variables of impressibility by friends and coevals group, individual education, sexuality and impressibility by satellite have most effects on clarifying the dependent variable, i.e., cultural identity crisis, respectively and have clarified about 41% of the variance for cultural identity crisis. The variable for social class can also contribute to specify the dependent variable.
Rasoul Rabbani; Hamed Shiri
Abstract
How could patterns of leisure represent social identity? Whether they are sub-ordinate to the class identity or in the contemporary context of consumption and the post-modern cultural transformations, they could represent some other different social identities based on the patterns of consumption? Considering ...
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How could patterns of leisure represent social identity? Whether they are sub-ordinate to the class identity or in the contemporary context of consumption and the post-modern cultural transformations, they could represent some other different social identities based on the patterns of consumption? Considering “leisure time” as a part of “style of life”, the present study attempts to explore social identity. There are two parts in methodology; first the qualitative one, carried through deep interview technique; and the other, surveying through questionnaire. Results distinguish the determining role “social class”, and the combination of “gender” and social class play in modeling distinctions in leisure patterns. In other words, leisure –as the arena for individual choice- is restricted to the social class and gender –as the structural and contextual variables. The strong correlation identity has with the social class and gender denies the post-modern interpretations which emphasis on consumption as the cause of social differentiations.
Cultural Studies
M. Kolahi
Abstract
Main question of this research is how “self” is made during the “Student stage” of life? Most researches consider self-making process as the result of the efforts of socialization agents and important active role of the student is neglected. The results of our research showed ...
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Main question of this research is how “self” is made during the “Student stage” of life? Most researches consider self-making process as the result of the efforts of socialization agents and important active role of the student is neglected. The results of our research showed the plans of the socialization agents constitute just a part of the student’s life-world which has called here as “plan sub-world”. But there is another neglected but important part here called as “play sub-world” which have not been addressed adequately by previous researches. “Play” here is defined as the activity which is done for its own sake not for any advantage it will bring. Play sub-world is where one can express him/herself freely, independent of the control of every pre-designed planning. Juvenile mischiefs like childish fights, teasing the teacher, runaway from the school, and cheating in the exams are samples of the activities of this sub-world. The student’s self, more can be made through this sub-world than everywhere else; because it is at this sub-world that student can express him/herself freely, actively and creatively (unlike plan sub-world in which student is more passive and under control). Therefore, the student life-world includes two plan and play sub-worlds and is made through the dialectic between these two sub-worlds; a dialectic which corresponds to dialectic between practice-thought; active-passive; creativity-memory; sender-receiver, and source-destination. The process of making self in this dialectic is the same as the process of making society.
Sociology
Z. Mesgartehrani; A. Kazemi
Abstract
Studies in the field of religion and women consider the emancipation of women from the structure of patriarchy and the challenge of the beliefs and interpretations of traditional Islam to belong to the upper class and elite of society. In this study, this question arises whether traditional pious women ...
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Studies in the field of religion and women consider the emancipation of women from the structure of patriarchy and the challenge of the beliefs and interpretations of traditional Islam to belong to the upper class and elite of society. In this study, this question arises whether traditional pious women of the lower classes also have the ability to re-interpret religion in their everyday lives? How do these women, without knowing the sources of religious intellectualism, re-interpret traditional religion and practically apply it in their lives? For this study, in-depth semi-structured interviews with traditional pious women in Ankara and Tehran were used. The results of this study show that women have not only used religion as a tool to expand their empowerment opportunities, but they have challenged traditional Islam and the interpretations that has tried to suppress them with the help of patriarchy for long years. They have inadvertently opened the space for the entry of religious intellectualism thoughts into their practical everyday life. Indirect opposition to the laws that have a jurisprudential basis has caused: firstly, women to go beyond the stage of resistance, and secondly, this opposition as intangible struggles has been able to change aspects of their lives, and eventually it shows a more concrete view of Islam's equality towards women.
Moslem Abbasi; Masood Ariayinia
Abstract
In 1985 Gayatri Spivak, criticizing western academic communities, proposed this question that “Can the subaltern speak? “ The answer to this question necessitates the consideration of humanities and any kinds of discourse which bring about subalterns. Postcolonial discourse as a critical, ...
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In 1985 Gayatri Spivak, criticizing western academic communities, proposed this question that “Can the subaltern speak? “ The answer to this question necessitates the consideration of humanities and any kinds of discourse which bring about subalterns. Postcolonial discourse as a critical, liberal, and anticolonial criticizes this discourse. Postcolonial thinker seeks a period during which an eastern person was defined against a western person. Identification modern subject is the topic that the postcolonial thinker like Michael Foucault questions about while dealing with archaeology. The appearance of a person as an eastern dates back to the time when the existence of the outside world resulted from the subject. An eastern can speak when s/he criticizes the subject based on which the humanities are constructed. Obtaining a definition of human being and the way s/she faces the world in order to understand it, is the primary step of introducing an alternative for authoritative humanities. Postcolonial thinker‘s method in understanding other and the outside world based on intersubjectivity. By establishing human studies instead of western humanities and local humanities and by critical view on spivak’s intellectual paradigm, this method of understanding provides spivak’s question with a positive answer contrary to his own negative answer.
Yaaghob Ahmadi
Abstract
Attention to culture in politics, like this, is a new subject. Most part of research about political culture in Iran has been focused on Almond and Verba thesis of political culture. This paper for measuring of political culture and typology of it, use Inglehart and Welzel (2005) thesis about political ...
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Attention to culture in politics, like this, is a new subject. Most part of research about political culture in Iran has been focused on Almond and Verba thesis of political culture. This paper for measuring of political culture and typology of it, use Inglehart and Welzel (2005) thesis about political culture- it is called "self experiment".This paper is a survey study by control of terms, is a broaden study by extended and is a cutting study by time (in the second half of 1388). The population is the entire person that has more than 18 years old in Sanandaj city. The sample size based on Kockran formula is 349. The questionnaires with suitable structures validity (based on Kronbagh's coefficient of Alfa) in the ratio of age, sex in deferent areas have been distributed. There are many research results: The mead of political culture in Sanandaj city was in type of Democratic capacity. Results show that there are meaningful relation between type of political culture and ethnic tolerance approach.
Fardin Alikhah
Abstract
The main goal of this article is to study the outcomes of consumerism. The article mainly focuses on the political impact of consumerism. It also intends to analyze the role of television programs and advertisement to foster consumerism. Author’s basic speculation is that the rapid increase in ...
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The main goal of this article is to study the outcomes of consumerism. The article mainly focuses on the political impact of consumerism. It also intends to analyze the role of television programs and advertisement to foster consumerism. Author’s basic speculation is that the rapid increase in consumerism in Iran will bring about the feeling of relative deprivation among special groups of people and eventually will lead to a decrease in political support.
Reza Samim; Vahid Ghasemi
Abstract
The aim of the present study is to investigate the existence of probable relationship between the popular music consumption and aggressive, anti-social behaviors. we took the fact of the existence of some kind of anti-social aggression amongst the students interested in popular music, as the basis for ...
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The aim of the present study is to investigate the existence of probable relationship between the popular music consumption and aggressive, anti-social behaviors. we took the fact of the existence of some kind of anti-social aggression amongst the students interested in popular music, as the basis for the this study The instrument used to collect data for this project was a self-report questionnaire, not objective observation The questionnaires were distributed to 410 students of the University of Isfahan The interpretation of survey results indicates the existence of an actual and meaningful relationship between the use of popular music and aggressive behaviors Survey results indicate negative feedback about the popular music consumption from the post-Revolutionary era (referring to 1978 Revolution in Iran), and reveal positive response with regard to the use of popular music from the post-Revolutionary era Another interesting result uncovers that the most aggressive students are amongst the audience for the Western genres of popular music (rap, rock, heavy metal) As a result and considering the musicological features of the "popular music" as well as the socio-psychological characteristics of the youth, one may conclude that all types and genres of popular music from the post-Revolutionary era, seem to be more appropriate to the young population of nowadays Iran.
Language and Literature
R. Pishghadam; A. Firooziyan Pour Esfahani; A. Firooziyan Pour Esfahani
Abstract
Shame and guilt, as universal and self-conscious emotions, exist in every aspect of our every-day lives. These two feelings effectively enhance the process of human socialization; they normally occur as a response to a negative evaluation of the self, which is typically based on societal standards. The ...
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Shame and guilt, as universal and self-conscious emotions, exist in every aspect of our every-day lives. These two feelings effectively enhance the process of human socialization; they normally occur as a response to a negative evaluation of the self, which is typically based on societal standards. The above-mentioned emotions are considered as universal phenomena, however, culture can affect both. The way we value the emotions is under the influence of culture. Given the culture-specific patterns of emotions, the present research made an investigation of “shame” and “guilt”, as concepts based on culture in the Persian context. This study aimed at studying the linguistic elements stating the emotions of shame (sharmsâri, rou siyâhi, khajelat, nang, biâberouei, khejâlat, khajoul, hayâ, âberou, kamrou, etc.) and guilt (taghsir, moghaser, gonâhkâr, etc.) in the Persian language. In order to achieve this purpose, 756 natural contexts in which the utterances related to shame and guilt have been used were recorded. The data collected was then analyzed based on Dell Hymes’ SPEAKING model (1967); the various social aspects which were related to these two emotions were, then, extracted. The research made use of a corpus-based approach, and the findings of the study pointed out the importance and dominance of shame in the Iranian culture compared to guilt. The reason has its roots in the dominance of the collectivist culture among Iranians.
mehran Sohrabzadeh
Abstract
Comparative study of different post-revolutionary generation has been broadly applied by social scientists; among them some believe there is a gulf between generations, while some others endorsing some small differences among generations, emphasis that this variety is natural. Avoiding being loyal to ...
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Comparative study of different post-revolutionary generation has been broadly applied by social scientists; among them some believe there is a gulf between generations, while some others endorsing some small differences among generations, emphasis that this variety is natural. Avoiding being loyal to any of these two views, the present study attempts to compare three different post-revolutionary academic generations using theory of “generative objects” which explores generations’ view about their behaviors, Beliefs, and historical monuments. Sampling was carried among 3 generations; firstly ones who were student in 60s and now are experienced faculties in the university, secondly ones who are recently employed as faculty members, and finally who are now students in universities. Results show that in all 3 generations there are essential in-generation similarities, while comparatively there are some differentiations in inter-generative analysis.
Sociology
A, Morshedi; M. Hadjizadeh Meimandi; M. Mashalchi
Abstract
This article tries to inspect the typology of the mourning communities in Yazd based on the content of monodies and their general orientation. This research is interpretive and the research method is based on grounded theory. Data collection was done by semi-structured interviews with 22 informed people. ...
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This article tries to inspect the typology of the mourning communities in Yazd based on the content of monodies and their general orientation. This research is interpretive and the research method is based on grounded theory. Data collection was done by semi-structured interviews with 22 informed people. The sample have been selected from the group’s chief, the poet, the weeper, the panegyrist and the active group members. The researches have shown that the mourning communities in Yazd were have been put into type such as reflexivity, identity oriented and ideological (movement oriented) communities. The properties of the reflexivity community can be such example as: “time coverage glance at the Ashura history”, “critical vision to contemporary Islamic societies”, “putting an emphasis on human general concepts” and “critic of the discourse of the Islamic republic of Iran”. The property of identity oriented can be as the following “the static vision in the Ashura history”, “mournful and consolatory vision”, "emphasis on Shiite identity", “bound to the borders of the Shiite identity of the Islamic republic of Iran. The property of the ideological community is “the time coverage glance at the Ashura history”, “the school vision”, “putting an emphasis on the Shiite jihad” and “bound to the discourse borders of Islamic Republic of Iran”.
Naser Feghhi Farahmand
Abstract
Culture and organizational climate is one of the internal factors of organization that it is very important and necessary. If any organization has been weaknesses at one of them, it could not arrive to required position. In according with history study, organizational successful depends on Organizational ...
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Culture and organizational climate is one of the internal factors of organization that it is very important and necessary. If any organization has been weaknesses at one of them, it could not arrive to required position. In according with history study, organizational successful depends on Organizational culture. Organizational culture is not touching phenomena but it shows real living of organizational workers. For this reason, organizational culture assessment for determine of exist of positive perception from thirteen factors of organizational culture included identification, commitment, constancy, behavior, functions, control, coordinating, individual initiative, responsibility, directing, fluency, managerial supporting and communication in small part producers firms in Tabriz city was the main goal of this research for testing of hypothesis as exist of positive relation between organizational culture factors in official organizations. High degree received from individual initiative and low degree received from managerial supporting organizational culture factor after relative questionnaires distribute for available samples mentioned organizations included managers, experts and workers that also correlation showed positive relation between organizational culture factors in organizations. Variance analysis showed that organizational culture factors at organizational different divisions about perception of workers of organizational departments that there are not difference between organizational culture factors in opinions of managers and experts of organizations but there is difference between organizational culture factors in opinions of workers.
Cultural Studies
N. Shahidi; A. Rahmani; S. Samanian; S.A. Seyyedi
Abstract
The customs and rituals of the people of Gilan province are part of their intangible identity and heritage, which are studied in this article in two areas of mourning and feasts. Textiles can always have different uses in these rituals, and the study of textiles in the rituals of the province determines ...
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The customs and rituals of the people of Gilan province are part of their intangible identity and heritage, which are studied in this article in two areas of mourning and feasts. Textiles can always have different uses in these rituals, and the study of textiles in the rituals of the province determines their function. 1480 works have been nationally registered in the list of intangible cultural heritage, of which 55 works belong to Gilan province. Seven of the recorded rituals in which textiles are used have been studied as the statistical population of the study. Three of them are in the field of mourning rituals and four are in the field of feasting rituals. This article seeks to answer how textiles are used in mourning and feasting rituals registered in the list of intangible cultural heritage of Gilan province. To achieve this goal, first the type of textiles, color, function, purpose and method of using textiles as research variables are determined, then the variables in the statistical population are studied by library and field researches. The present article is descriptive-analytical. The results show that textiles are used in mourning rituals as means to grant wishes as well as cover. Textiles are also used in various forms in feasts as means for ritual begging, distinction, cover, reminder, offer, giving information, prevention of malice, reaching goals, gift, decoration, storage as well as reward.
Cultural Studies
Mohamad Maghamianzadeh; seyyed mohammad mehdizadeh
Abstract
Different approaches to the nature of congregations and how they interact with each other have played a central role in the conceptual development of the term subculture. From the period when some special youth groups were introduced in the works of Birmingham school thinkers with the name of subculture ...
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Different approaches to the nature of congregations and how they interact with each other have played a central role in the conceptual development of the term subculture. From the period when some special youth groups were introduced in the works of Birmingham school thinkers with the name of subculture until today when some approaches basically talk about the ineffectiveness of the concept of subculture, a range of approaches and views about this concept and its characteristics regarding the course of social changes and developments and Technological and media has been offered. Therefore, the theoretical and empirical matching of the digital subculture term Tetlit, to the Amirtatlu fan group that have been investigated in this study, is the aim of the research. For this purpose, in accordance with the theories of recent subcultures, it is important to know the components that are effective in the tendency and adherence to the Tataliti identity. To achieve this goal, a semi-structured interview was conducted with 16 teenage managers of fan pages on the Instagram social network, and thematic data analysis was done using MAXQDA software. According to the results of the research, "comprehensiveness in music", "creating a charismatic personality" and "turning a fan into a Tataliti " are three communication principles that are effective in attracting and being loyal to the Tataliti identity, and disruption in any of these components can weaken participation. Subculture and even turning away from the fan identity of the teenager will lead.
Yahya Modarresi
Abstract
The reflection of social transformations in language is an important issue in social linguistics, linguistic sociology, and anthropologist linguistics. The present study attempts to examine the linguistic consequences of two contemporary great transformations, namely the establishment of the European ...
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The reflection of social transformations in language is an important issue in social linguistics, linguistic sociology, and anthropologist linguistics. The present study attempts to examine the linguistic consequences of two contemporary great transformations, namely the establishment of the European Union and the collapse of the Soviet Union. The study shows that the consequences of the two are radically different; one promoted integration, while the other led to divergence. The result of the collapse of the Soviet Union was the revival of the local and native languages in different new Republics, in addition to the decrease in the power, authority, influence and dominance of the Russian language. On the other hand, the establishment of the European Union led to a linguistic integrity, resulting in preference for some special languages which are supported by the force of power and the decline in the status of powerless and minority languages. The present study shows that although the two transformations follow opposite directions (integration and divergence), they share one consequence, which is the preference for English and its domination.
Alireza Dehghan
Abstract
During these two decades, according to the expansion of communication, there is a deep transformation in individuals’ conception of space. As space plays an important role in tourism, either real or virtual, this transformation happens in the field too. The present study attempts to show how tourism ...
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During these two decades, according to the expansion of communication, there is a deep transformation in individuals’ conception of space. As space plays an important role in tourism, either real or virtual, this transformation happens in the field too. The present study attempts to show how tourism in the contemporary virtualized world, or as some authors name: the dual globalized situation, occurs.
Hojatollah Ayoobi
Abstract
Cinema is the most influential cultural instrument in the contemporary world. The seventh art first brought culture in theaters and then in homes by T.V. and modern audio – visual devices. Perhaps, for this reason, André Marlow paid special attention to the cinema and regarded it as a shortcut ...
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Cinema is the most influential cultural instrument in the contemporary world. The seventh art first brought culture in theaters and then in homes by T.V. and modern audio – visual devices. Perhaps, for this reason, André Marlow paid special attention to the cinema and regarded it as a shortcut to the popularization of culture or achieving cultural democracy. Since its birth, cinema in France experienced a significant progress and was the best before the Second World War. But with the entrance of Americans to this field, relying upon their modern technology and huge investments made considerable progress and challenged the French cinema. The French cinema needed government, help in this unequal competition and could not resist this all – out invasion on its own. The French government got involved in the sector of cinema to reach two goals: helping cultural and artistic cinema: and standing up against American cinema to defend the cultural diversity championed by the French. This article examines approaches results from a problem which is also considered a major concern for Iranian cinema. Relationship between government and cinema in France might absorb the attentions of our cultural policymakers.
Azam Ravadrad; Mahdi Montazer Ghaem; Parisa Sarkarati
Abstract
Regarding the importance of representation in redefining individuals and social groups’ identity, the interpretation of women from representation of feminine identity in television is examined in this article. The main question asks: what is the relationship between women’s interpretation ...
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Regarding the importance of representation in redefining individuals and social groups’ identity, the interpretation of women from representation of feminine identity in television is examined in this article. The main question asks: what is the relationship between women’s interpretation of feminine identity in television and their media consumption. It was assumed that women resist against those media contents which reproduce unwanted identity for them, and they do this through not consuming the presented contents. The research method was qualitative, using intense interviews with women from different social groups having different characteristics. Using Stewart Hall’s concept of Encoding and Decoding, it is examined that how women with different characteristics in terms of occupation, education and their marital status, adopting different readings, produce different meanings for those serials which try to reproduce a housewife identity for women. The results showed that the kind of women’s interpretation of media representations is different according to their different characteristics, and that this is in relation to their selective usage of media contents and shaping the desired contents for them.
masoud Kowsari; Ehsan Shaghasemi
Abstract
For a long time communication theorists have criticized public media for being unilateral. What they prescript is to transform pattern of communication into bilateral one; in other words, to make media interactional. Telephone is the first fully interactional, however, there was a long road to the contemporary ...
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For a long time communication theorists have criticized public media for being unilateral. What they prescript is to transform pattern of communication into bilateral one; in other words, to make media interactional. Telephone is the first fully interactional, however, there was a long road to the contemporary communication and information media which are highly interactional. Nevertheless, not all the modern media are equally interactional. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate levels of interactionability in modern media and strength them. As other concepts in communication, interaction has different definitions, implying various aspects of the audience-media relation. And this feature of multi-dimensionality is to be considered. Quistis (2002) suggests a model in which all the technical, social, and comprehensive aspects of interaction are inherent. In other words, not only the technical aspect of media, but also audience’s perception plays a key role in the model. Visual-computer games are good instance of interactionability in modern media. However, not all games are equally interactional. Analyzing a well-known computer game “Call of Duty”, this article attempts to study different levels of interactionability. The main question is: how can one offer a pragmatic definition of three dimensions of interactionability to study computer games; and how this features are in Call of Duty applied?
Keyvan Zahedi
Abstract
This study follows two aims: one to review some late views on the relations among language, thought, and culture; and the other, to offer a new strategy, in a novel model, based on last achievements in the minimalist approach. Studying views and arguments, three dichotomies are discussed: 1) the views ...
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This study follows two aims: one to review some late views on the relations among language, thought, and culture; and the other, to offer a new strategy, in a novel model, based on last achievements in the minimalist approach. Studying views and arguments, three dichotomies are discussed: 1) the views which confirm the relation between culture and language in opposition to the views that deny this; 2) distinguishing the symmetry-procedural view and the transforming views of language; and 3) distinction among the social-communicational, and the biological-genetic motivations of language. The hypothesis for the novel strategy is that considering what the minimalist program has offered, especially from 2000 onwards, it is possible that language affects thought, while coding the and that culture affects language (which is called ethno-grammar) . This is in addition to the biological-genetic base. From this point of view, language’s main function is neither to provide communication, nor to express thought, but to connect cognitive and socio-cultural terminals together.
Hamid Abdollahyan
Abstract
This paper proposes an examination of the epistemological position of intercultural communication as it is experiencing a lack of orthodoxy tradition. It is claimed here that a lack of such tradition, in turn, has reflected itself on problems such as a) ill-determined subject matter of intercultural ...
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This paper proposes an examination of the epistemological position of intercultural communication as it is experiencing a lack of orthodoxy tradition. It is claimed here that a lack of such tradition, in turn, has reflected itself on problems such as a) ill-determined subject matter of intercultural communication, b) ill-conceived theoretical stance of intercultural communication, and; c) undecided methodological considerations. We contend here that in order to demarcate the subject areas of intercultural communication, and in order to deal with the above-mentioned concerns, this scientific field should at least be able to resolve the question of what is the nature of problematic in intercultural communication. The paper goes on to claim that once the problematic of intercultural communication is determined the problem-solving processes would force the field to determine its paradigms and methodological considerations. To follow this line of logic, the paper uses a combined methodology and will indicate that it is a principle in intercultural communication that in order to solve problems one needs to rely on epistemological stance of the one’s researcher more than he/she will rely on traditional model of academic articulations. Therefore, we will focus on the role of language and symbols in formation of problems in intercultural communication, as well as their role in helping to resolve problems. We will consider three stages in development and evolution of social sciences. In the third stages, which started in the 1980s individuals ’as well as groups’, expectations took precedence over structural and coercive expectations. Taking these developments into consideration the paper claims that problematic of intercultural communication in the third stage can be understood and identified as a result of the effect of four issues: 1- failures of scientific-paradigmatic of modern science, 2- local experiences of individuals and groups, 3- the interaction between extra-national expectations and new media specially internet.
Hojatollah Ayoubi
Abstract
Copy-right has been initially used in cultural and art industries. From that time there have been two different approaches to the matter: the commercial-economic approach which is concerned with the rights of suppliers and investors; and the other approach, the cultural one, which is especially concerned ...
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Copy-right has been initially used in cultural and art industries. From that time there have been two different approaches to the matter: the commercial-economic approach which is concerned with the rights of suppliers and investors; and the other approach, the cultural one, which is especially concerned with the rights of author. First approach is rooted in Anglo-American countries, while the other is originally French. Expansion of the computer market, and separating software and hardware markets caused to the so-called velvet-rubbery, which refers to the illegal reproduction in the market. Therefore, there were some struggles all over the world to protect rights of their producers. In present study, beside the domestic and international difficulties these strategies would encounter, this article has reviewed different strategies to face this challenge.
