Mahmoud Shahabi; Mojtaba Jahangardi
Abstract
The present paper answer two basic questions: what are the association patterns of the Persian-speaking satellite television channels amongst Tehrani audiences? What are the social origins of these patterns? To answer these questions, we have adopted the research tradition of "the uses and gratifications" ...
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The present paper answer two basic questions: what are the association patterns of the Persian-speaking satellite television channels amongst Tehrani audiences? What are the social origins of these patterns? To answer these questions, we have adopted the research tradition of "the uses and gratifications" in it's structural-cultural variant. In order to identify the uses patterns of such televisions, we initially interviewed 32 audiacnes. Content analysis of the interviews resulted in identifying 60 most-frequently-stated gratification items to be used as part of a large scale questionnaire survey of 400 viewers who were accessed via snowball sampling. Employing an exploratory factor analysis with Varimax rotation, we constructed and named ten gratification scales as follows: dissatisfaction with the national television programs, getting political information, cross-cultural comparison (instructional usage),escaping from everyday life difficulties, lifestyle guidance, facilitating social interaction, familiarity with global and Iranian (underground) popular culture, information on tourism and emigration issues, seeking social status, and finally seeking unedited information on sport events. A series of correlation tests on these ten factors as dependent variables and all the study's independent variables showed that the Blumler's conceptualization of the social character of media gratifications explains the usage patterns of Persian-speaking satellite televisions in Iran. Accordingly, different people turn to such televisions for different purposes and that the prevalent pattern of such usage is mainly of facilitatory, rather than compensatory character.
Nasser Bahonar
Abstract
The religious program of mass media exclusively produced for children have had a significant growth in recent years. The artistic expression of stories related to the life of the great prophets and to the history of Islam as well as taking advantage of theatrical literature in religious occasions can ...
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The religious program of mass media exclusively produced for children have had a significant growth in recent years. The artistic expression of stories related to the life of the great prophets and to the history of Islam as well as taking advantage of theatrical literature in religious occasions can herald successes in this neglected field. But, what is questionable in national religious policies in that why who are involved in the religious education of children whether in traditional media (family, mosques, religious communities, etc) or in modern media (textbooks, press, radio and television) do not follow an integrated and coherent policy based on a proved theoretical view of religious communications. In fact, this question results from the same old opposition between audience-oriented and media-oriented approaches in communications as well as the opposition between cognitivism and other approaches in psychology. The findings of the field of study conducted by the author along with psychological achievements of cognitivism in human communications and cultural audience-oriented approaches, especially reception theory in mass communications can solve some existing difficulties in the formulation of religious messages. Drawing upon the above mentioned theoretical schools, this article tries to introduce a useful approach to producing religious programs for children and describes the main tasks of mass media in this field accordingly.
Saeid Reza Ameli; Najmeh Mohammadkhani
Abstract
According to the ethno-cultural diversity, many educational and media basis in Iranian society are needed, in order to make good and healthy communication, in addition to the calm and peaceful interpersonal interaction. Cultural intolerance among diverse ethnics might cause to conflict, opposition, and ...
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According to the ethno-cultural diversity, many educational and media basis in Iranian society are needed, in order to make good and healthy communication, in addition to the calm and peaceful interpersonal interaction. Cultural intolerance among diverse ethnics might cause to conflict, opposition, and discrimination and thus some negative affects on the majority beside the ethnic and religious minorities. Therefore, education, especially primary education in the age in which ethical and cultural schemas and assertions are shaped, is really important. This kind of intercultural instruction makes individuals aware of cultural differences and internalizes culture of tolerance. The educational system, which is based on justice and mutual respect, causes also to cultural dynamism and flexibility. Indeed, in this study, we attempt to reflect on the Constitution, as the basis of respect to minority (religious and ethnic); besides two cultural institutions, education and media, as the director in intercultural communication. Considered factors are the good citizenship, effective law system, and recognizing citizen rights.
Bahman Zandi; Fatemeh Rabbani
Abstract
These days cell phone, as the modern instrument has various, cheap, and user-friendly accessories and possibilities. As a result SMS is now one of the most important media used in different situations. In this study, the SMS was analyzed from a linguistic point of view. Using the content analysis method, ...
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These days cell phone, as the modern instrument has various, cheap, and user-friendly accessories and possibilities. As a result SMS is now one of the most important media used in different situations. In this study, the SMS was analyzed from a linguistic point of view. Using the content analysis method, the grammatical and semantic congruence of the short-messages with standard Persian was examined. Furthermore, the SMS content (quotations, love messages, empathy and greetings, ironies, and jokes) and language (Persian, English, Pinglish) were studied. For this purpose, 1795 SMSs were received and analyzed during the first half of 2007. The analysis and comparison of the SMSs showed that there is still no specific, uniform language used in their writing. The results showed that though the general tendency is to write in Persian, many SMSs are written in Pinglish.
Tahmine Shaverdi; Shahrzad Shaverdi
Abstract
Divided to two different parts, this study reviewed students and their parents’ view of the impacts computer games have. In the first part, students’ view of the impacts computer games have would be reviewed, and the second part is dedicated to the parents’ ideas of the matter. Population ...
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Divided to two different parts, this study reviewed students and their parents’ view of the impacts computer games have. In the first part, students’ view of the impacts computer games have would be reviewed, and the second part is dedicated to the parents’ ideas of the matter. Population involves all the students from the fifth grade in primary school to the third grade students in high school and their parents. We have studied students in locales 3, 4 (in north), 15, 16 (in south), 5, 9 (in west), and 14, 8 (in east). We have reviewed ideas of at least 391 students in test group (who play more than 7 hours a week), and 386 ones in witness group (who play less than 4 hours a week). The survey method is questionnaire. However, 107 parents in witness group and 112 ones in test group were interviewed via telephone. These parents were randomly selected.
Hossein Mirzaei; Jabbar Rahmani
Abstract
Itineraries have been an important source of knowing cultural and social characteristics of societies, but this has been involved with some limitations in understanding, knowledge and interpretation. In fact, travel diaries are a kind of narrative. This narrative is restricted by time, place, situation ...
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Itineraries have been an important source of knowing cultural and social characteristics of societies, but this has been involved with some limitations in understanding, knowledge and interpretation. In fact, travel diaries are a kind of narrative. This narrative is restricted by time, place, situation and events.This article studies itineraries written by foreigners about Iranians and their cultural – social characters. This narrative has a pathological aspect, being dominant aspect in foreign travel diaries. Certainly, they present a biased and presupposed picture of our history, but they could be very instructive.
Masoud Kowsari; Tahereh Kheir-Khah
Abstract
Recently, cell phone, as an unlimited media, in comparison with others, has deeply changed the modes of interpersonal connections. Accessibility, and inexpensiveness, in addition to the transcendence of normal face to face relation restrictions, could be taken for granted as most fascinating features ...
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Recently, cell phone, as an unlimited media, in comparison with others, has deeply changed the modes of interpersonal connections. Accessibility, and inexpensiveness, in addition to the transcendence of normal face to face relation restrictions, could be taken for granted as most fascinating features of SMS. Therefore, content analysis of the SMS could help to clarify the communicative subjectivities in interpersonal communications. This study tends to analyze the content of 2651 short messages exchanged among 80 students both genders, in various universities in Tehran. This paper attempts to answer the following questions: Who are the main senders of the messages? In what time are the SMS s frequently s sent or received? What are the most frequent contents? Is there any relationship between the gender of recipients/senders and the content of the messages? Whether the contents are related to the marital statue of the receiver and sender or not?
Younes Nourbakhsh
Abstract
The present study attempts to offer a model for social and cultural solidarity: a model based on ethnic and cultural diversity which help to the richness of a culture. Therefore, different approaches to culture, ethnicity and nation would be discussed and then, the concept of intercultural policies and ...
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The present study attempts to offer a model for social and cultural solidarity: a model based on ethnic and cultural diversity which help to the richness of a culture. Therefore, different approaches to culture, ethnicity and nation would be discussed and then, the concept of intercultural policies and thus its social and cultural consequences will be analyzed: the policies which are born in a special geographical situation and correlated with specific historical events. These cultural policies could not be applied unless the geographical, political, historical, cultural and social dimensions are taken into acount. In this regard, application of cultural policies in Iran will be evaluated and an appropriate model (structural unity and cultural pluralism) will be introduced which reinforces not only the concept of nation and national solidarity but also the cultural diversity.
Ahmad Saffar Moghadam
Abstract
The present study attempts to compare the concept of “deference” in Farsi and Korean. Data gathering happened in a two years study in South Korea, and Korean students in Korea and Iran were interviewed.Deference is a culturally-rooted universal concept. However, it appears differently in ...
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The present study attempts to compare the concept of “deference” in Farsi and Korean. Data gathering happened in a two years study in South Korea, and Korean students in Korea and Iran were interviewed.Deference is a culturally-rooted universal concept. However, it appears differently in various languages. Persian and Korean, though from different linguistic families, have both applied signs and elements of deference and this is their common aspect. There are some aspects of historical, religious, and cultural similarities between Iranian and Korean societies which may account for this. Social hierarchy and Confuciusian rituals play an important role in the system of deference in Korean society. Deference construction used to be very complicated in the Korean language, but nowadays it is simple; as a result, the seven-level system of expressions is transformed into a four-level one, emphasizing formality, politeness, intimacy, and simplicity. No sentence in Korean could be expressed unless one of these deference signs are involved. Deference signs are usually verbal suffixes included in all Korean verbs. Furthermore, as in the Persian language, there are some special words in Korean which exclusively express deference.
Bahareh Jalalzadeh; Behzad Dowran
Abstract
As other media, computer games convey messages which have tow features: explicit and implicit. Semiologically studying computer games and comparing them with narrative structures, the present study attempts to discover the messages they convey. Therefore we have studied and decoded “Special operation ...
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As other media, computer games convey messages which have tow features: explicit and implicit. Semiologically studying computer games and comparing them with narrative structures, the present study attempts to discover the messages they convey. Therefore we have studied and decoded “Special operation 85” as a semiological text. Results show that the game’s features, as naming, interests and motivations of the engaged people, and the events narrated, all lead the producers to their goals of introducing and publicizing Iranian-Islamic cultural values. Although this feature makes “Special Opreation 85” a unique game, it fails in its attempt to produce a mythical personage in Iranian-Islamic cultural context.
Mahdi Mohsenianrad
Abstract
This article studies the evolution of role phantasm of “men in front of media”. They have been called in a historical order as audience, receiver, user and recently communicatee. The author argues that the changing perception of “man in front of media” from a passive Being to ...
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This article studies the evolution of role phantasm of “men in front of media”. They have been called in a historical order as audience, receiver, user and recently communicatee. The author argues that the changing perception of “man in front of media” from a passive Being to an active being is the result of some developments the most important of which is globalization. The most prominent characteristics of communitee is its independence in “selection based on communicative needs”. Along with the developments in the future decades in the field of ICT, the ability of communicatee for selection will be reinforced and it will become a selector communicatee. This article argues that because of the delay in developing countries in entering the age of Gutenberg galaxy and Marconi galaxy, message senders in these countries have an audience –oriented view. As a result, they have not yet become communicatee. This article concludes that audience phantasm in some developing countries may be harmful for meeting the need of communicatees by local media and make the productions of foreign media more attractive for local communicatees leading to undesirable change in their cultural traits.
Jamal Mohammadi
Abstract
This research is an attempt to explain how audiences read and decode the dominant or preferred reading of television soap operas ( here, one of them named : Parvaz Dar Hobab ). The main problem of this research is that in what way TV soap operas prefer or make dominant some meanings, ideas and values ...
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This research is an attempt to explain how audiences read and decode the dominant or preferred reading of television soap operas ( here, one of them named : Parvaz Dar Hobab ). The main problem of this research is that in what way TV soap operas prefer or make dominant some meanings, ideas and values and how audiences interpret and decode these meanings and ideas and values. From this viewpoint, a soap opera is an articulation constructed of different, and sometimes contrast, elements which are unified around a nodal point. In other words, a television soap opera is an articulatory discourse which is constructed through some technical, social and ideological codes by hegemonic system. In a TV soap opera, as a discourse, some ideas and meanings are preferred over the others. The question is that how social subjects, who have an objective position in the social structure, read and decode these dominant ideas and meanings? In this research, in the first part we have used the semilogical- structuralist method to explain the preferred reading of TV soap operas, and in the second part we used focused group interview to study women readings. To mention one of the conclusions of this research, we can say that this soap opera attempts to hide that social nihilism which is the main factor of addiction. Most of the audiences have an oppositional reading of this problem.
Mohammad Rezaei; Abbas Kazemi
Abstract
The study of the process of representation in media is one of the important research areas in cultural studies. This article explores the different forms of media representation of ethnicity in Iranian T.V series based on constructivist representation approach as developed by Stuart Hall. To this end, ...
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The study of the process of representation in media is one of the important research areas in cultural studies. This article explores the different forms of media representation of ethnicity in Iranian T.V series based on constructivist representation approach as developed by Stuart Hall. To this end, two series entitled “ if my dad was alive” , “ Deer of the ninth month” were analyzed in a qualitative manner. The main question is about fairness in representations ethnic groups in TV networks. Also, the authors compare the different forms of the representation of ethnicity and provide an internal critique, bearing in mind the objection, topics, priorities and policies related to production, procurement and broadcasting ratified to regulated T.V programs. According to findings, it could be said that the representation of ethnicity gives an unfair picture of certain groups. This approach created fuzziness in portraying minorities as groups having marginal and even negative roles in the society. Being marginalized, ethnic actors face limitations in expressing themselves. Therefore minorities subjects who speak in the public sphere encounter more serious restrictions.
Hossein Ebrahimabadi
Abstract
In addition to the curriculum and the learning targets, there are some other points –as “the culture of the real life”, “patterns of communication and virtual-life’s experiencing”, and generally “pattern of communication and internet usage”- should be considered ...
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In addition to the curriculum and the learning targets, there are some other points –as “the culture of the real life”, “patterns of communication and virtual-life’s experiencing”, and generally “pattern of communication and internet usage”- should be considered in evaluating internet. Applying results of a survey on the impacts of both the web-based and the traditional educational methods on students’ learning and motivation, the present study explores the patterns of internet usage. Research method is experimental, using the t test for independent groups and analyzing multi-variable regression, and some points as the population, method of sampling and data gathering is explained in the article. Results show that there is a meaningful difference between the grades of the test group and the witness group; thus variable of “the internet usage” could predict changes in learning. In other words, supra-usage of internet would decrease learning and curriculum development. However, using internet for scientific and schooling would cause students to correlate their patterns of computer and internet usage. As results show, decline in entertaining usage of internet is related to the socio-cultural context, way and amount of participating in the web, and the quality of virtual learning sphere, rather than the interest or disinterest of the users.
Negar Davari Ardakani
Abstract
“Linguistic culture” is a term used in sociology of language and the anthropology of language. This study attempts to examine the term, its parameters, and the relation it has with language planning. A detail analysis of the status of the linguistic culture, at micro and macro levels, is ...
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“Linguistic culture” is a term used in sociology of language and the anthropology of language. This study attempts to examine the term, its parameters, and the relation it has with language planning. A detail analysis of the status of the linguistic culture, at micro and macro levels, is necessary for language planning. Accordingly, the parameters of the linguistic culture were studies among Persian speakers of Tehran. The results show that linguistic culture contains attitudes, beliefs, norms, and linguistic capital. Linguistic attitude itself involves three dimensions: body of language, dignity of language, and language-learning. Studying these three dimensions shows that feeling in general and empathy with the dignity of the Persian language in particular, have the main share in linguistic attitude, and thus in the structure of linguistic culture among Persian speakers in Tehran. Therefore, it could be said that the emotional factors, as parts of linguistic culture, are very important in sociology of the Persian language and the promotion of language planning.
Ali khorsandi taskooh; Mohammadjavad Liaghatdar
Abstract
Considering recent social changes, it seems that interaction among cultural institutions is inevitable. In this regard cultural relations among universities worldwide are essential. Universities, typically, have had vital role on approaching nations and cultures. Thus, academic exchanges among universities ...
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Considering recent social changes, it seems that interaction among cultural institutions is inevitable. In this regard cultural relations among universities worldwide are essential. Universities, typically, have had vital role on approaching nations and cultures. Thus, academic exchanges among universities may lead to the enhancement of the cultural communication internationally. The purpose of this research-based paper is to investigate how we can strengthen international cooperation among nations through universities. Research method of this study was descriptive and based on perceptions of academic staff of Iranian Humanities Departments. In order to gather the data qualitative and quantitative methods were used. Inferential and descriptive statistical techniques were employed for analysis of the data, using SPSS software.
Behzad Dowran; Ahmad Ganji
Abstract
This article is the report of research conducted to answer two main questions; first, to what extent and under which forms using internet as entertainment is prevalent among users aged between 24 to 40 years in Tehran? And second has this kind of usage changed with passage of time (since the beginning ...
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This article is the report of research conducted to answer two main questions; first, to what extent and under which forms using internet as entertainment is prevalent among users aged between 24 to 40 years in Tehran? And second has this kind of usage changed with passage of time (since the beginning of usage until the time of research? The research was designed and conducted with descriptive and qualitative method and the relevant data were gathered by using the techniques of deep interview with a sample (15 persons) of the statistical population of users (the first generation of internet users in Tehran). The findings show that using internet as entertainment among the sample is usual usages which include chatting, blogging, music downloading, browsing the webs containing pornographic materials and Orcat in terms of leaning order. The responses of interviewees show that after the passage of ten years, using internet as entertainment has significantly declined. Chatting, browsing the webs containing pornographic material and cybernetic searching in terms of learning order have been mentioned the usual forms in early periods of internet usage.
Kavous Seyyed Emami
Abstract
The Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting (IRIB) television channels, with the largest audience across the country, plays a prominent role in cultivating people’s perceptions about ethnic groups and in defining intergroup relations in the country. Evidence from previous research indicates that ...
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The Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting (IRIB) television channels, with the largest audience across the country, plays a prominent role in cultivating people’s perceptions about ethnic groups and in defining intergroup relations in the country. Evidence from previous research indicates that there is notable dissatisfaction on the part of ethnic groups about images broadcasted of them on the television. To gain a deeper understanding of the perceptions of ethnic minorities themselves, a number of semi-structured interviews were conducted among an educated segment of minority groups currently residing in Tehran. As expected, they do not approve of the representations that are made of them in the television series and films. They are critical of the national networks on the grounds that ethnicities are generally neglected on the national television and, when they are indeed shown, they are often misrepresented. They also identify various kinds of stereotypical images that are often portrayed of various ethnic groups based on traits attributed to them in popular discourse. Most of those interviewed believed that films shown on the television hardly present members of ethnic groups as central characters and tend to cast them in marginal roles. The prevalence of such representations, according to the interviewees, stems from film producers’ lack of knowledge about ethnic subcultures and/or their prejudiced attitudes towards them. It may also reflect continuation of past practices that tend to downplay the ethnic groups’ presence in and contribution to the national culture.
mohammad saeed zokaei; Vahid Valizadeh
Abstract
Iranian youth’s leisure culture has been immediately affected by the digital media culture. As a communicative media, cell phone has crossed borders of youth norms and identity; and in addition to facilitating their communication, has changed its patterns. Applying Bourdieu’s concepts of ...
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Iranian youth’s leisure culture has been immediately affected by the digital media culture. As a communicative media, cell phone has crossed borders of youth norms and identity; and in addition to facilitating their communication, has changed its patterns. Applying Bourdieu’s concepts of habitus and field, and relied on the qualitative and quantitative data gathered from the mobile youth users, the present study argues that mobile has produced a new field in which youth’s opportunities for leisure, entertainment, communication, and independence have extended. In addition, cell phone has facilitated and compensated for some defects in public sphere, and therefore empowered youth agency, individuality, and power. Despite this strengthening, cell phone does not cross borders of gender and class differences, or the levels of social capital.
Maryam Sadat Ghiasian
Abstract
This study attempts to introduce two main currents in orientalism, the classic and the modern. The Western attitude toward the Orient, and especially Islam, is analyzed in both currents and the operative factors that lead to modern orientalism are surveyed. The 9th September 2001 event is here considered ...
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This study attempts to introduce two main currents in orientalism, the classic and the modern. The Western attitude toward the Orient, and especially Islam, is analyzed in both currents and the operative factors that lead to modern orientalism are surveyed. The 9th September 2001 event is here considered one of the most important points in modern orientalism. Media are here assumed to play a crucial role in representation of the orientalist and racist attitudes which nowadays focus on cultural differences. Accordingly, the present study surveys reflections of western cultural attitudes toward Iran in the linguistic construction of two British journals, the Guardian and the Daily Telegraph and two American ones, Time and Newsweek, after the occurrence of the 9/11 event.
Hassan Bashir
Abstract
Although the current age is called “communication age” so far many definitions have been presented for the concept of communications. This concept still requires a more appropriate and comprehensive definite. One of the serious problems in defining communication is the fact that its meaning ...
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Although the current age is called “communication age” so far many definitions have been presented for the concept of communications. This concept still requires a more appropriate and comprehensive definite. One of the serious problems in defining communication is the fact that its meaning is taken for granted and diffused in all aspects of life. This situation creates many difficulties in presenting a comprehensive definition of communication. The precise definition of communication not only can contribute to a deeper understanding of this concept but also, it can explain relationship between culture and media in another way. This article tries to study the different definitions and meanings of the concept of “communication”, by using semantic analysis for this concept. This definition, not only provides a new perception of the conceptual meaning of communication, but also, makes possible a deeper understanding of relationship between culture and media as the most important mass media at the different individual, social and intercultural levels.
Hossein Serajzadeh; Jamal Adhami
Abstract
Student societies and associations are developed in universities in order to provide a healthy and reasonable means for students to spend their leisure time and to develop their social skills. Meanwhile, it seems that the level of membership and participation of different groups of students in these ...
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Student societies and associations are developed in universities in order to provide a healthy and reasonable means for students to spend their leisure time and to develop their social skills. Meanwhile, it seems that the level of membership and participation of different groups of students in these societies and associations is not the same. Some evidences imply that students of special ethnicities participate in these societies more than others and these societies function as a place for regeneration of ethnic and regional relations among the students. This is the main question of the paper: is the level of participation in these societies varying among the students of different ethnicities? This question examined by a secondary analysis of the data of two surveys conducted among a sample of students of state non-medical universities all-over the country. The findings were analyzed on the basis of the historical and cultural characteristics of ethnic relations in Iran.
Farzan Sojoudi
Abstract
In this article, some aspects of the cultural other will be studied from a cultural semiotic point of view, intercultural communication and the role played by translation in such communications and mechanisms of inclusion and exclusion. The paper shows that cultural dynamics is the result of intercultural ...
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In this article, some aspects of the cultural other will be studied from a cultural semiotic point of view, intercultural communication and the role played by translation in such communications and mechanisms of inclusion and exclusion. The paper shows that cultural dynamics is the result of intercultural communication and translation is the main mechanism of such communications. Through translation, cultures meet the cultural other, redefine themselves and are mutually enriched. Each culture appropriates some features of another culture and keeps some other features out, and thus maintains its dynamicity. It influences the other and is influenced by the other, yet preserves it difference.
Morteza Bahrani; Abolfazl Shakouri
Abstract
The present study attempts to investigate the relation between friendship and leadership or, in another word, types of authority and interpersonal communication, from linguistic point of view. Friendship is considered as an important concept thorough out the political philosophy. In ancient Athens, it ...
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The present study attempts to investigate the relation between friendship and leadership or, in another word, types of authority and interpersonal communication, from linguistic point of view. Friendship is considered as an important concept thorough out the political philosophy. In ancient Athens, it was considered as a human virtue, like justice, equality, and fraternity; and philosophers was so interested in the term that in constructing their ideal polis, friendship would always played a basic role. On the other hand, leadership is to guide and manage the community on the predefined system, which was aimed to lead people to the philosophically selected telos. Using Skinner’s methodology, that is author-context hermeneutics, it could be said that in Farabi’s political philosophy there is a direct and organic relation between friendship and leadership. In another word, leader of the utopia (Madina-al-Fadhila) succeeds when there is friendly relation among all members of the society, from all different social classes. Thus, friendship is mutual: the leader to the subjects and the subjects to the leader.
Mohammad Ali Mousavi; Javad Asghari
Abstract
As the American cultural and educational institutions left Iran –as the aftermath of Islamic revolution and drop in Iran-U.S relation- the United States has applied international media as a public diplomatic pillar in relation with the Islamic Republic. Analyzing Persian service of Voice of America, ...
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As the American cultural and educational institutions left Iran –as the aftermath of Islamic revolution and drop in Iran-U.S relation- the United States has applied international media as a public diplomatic pillar in relation with the Islamic Republic. Analyzing Persian service of Voice of America, the present study attempts to assess its influence in Iranian society. Applying Joseph Nye’s theory, and Boyd (1997), and Gilboa’s (2000), this study specifies 4 different goals for international media. According to these goals, we have analyzed this broadcasting media’s programs and studied Iranian audience’s message-receiving of VOA via questionnaire.
